宗教、立法与自由——“卢梭问题”与黑格尔思想的开端

Religion,Legislation and Freedom:Rousseau's Question and the Beginning of Hegel's Thoughts

在黑格尔哲学的问题意识和基本方向的形成过程中,卢梭的思想发挥了极为重要的影响。卢梭对现代文明的批判揭示了启蒙自身的异化,启蒙不仅未能实现理性和自由,反而导致了更多的不平等和不自主,损害了人类的天性,但他也意识到,自然状态往而不返,关键在于如何在对现代社会的重新理解和重新奠基中,恢复人类天性中的自由和善良。黑格尔青年时代的哲学和神学著作中,充分吸收了卢梭关于宗教与立法的讨论,并以卢梭的"公民宗教"为蓝本提出了自己的"民族宗教"和"主观宗教"的构想,希望以此来改造传统的基督教,使自然与规范、自由与权威最终在这种新宗教中统一起来,从而在一个更为根本和整全的意义上实现人的自由。可以说,充分把握黑格尔思想的这一开端,将为我们理解黑格尔思想发展和成熟时期的哲学体系提供一个可靠的参照。

Rousseau s thought played an extremely important role in the formation of Hegel s problem consciousness and basic direction.Rousseau s critique of modern civilization reveals the alienation of the enlightenment itself.The enlightenment not only failed to realize rationality and freedom,but also led to more inequality and involuntarity,which impaired human nature.But he also realized that the key to the return of the natural state lies in how to restore freedom and kindness in human nature in the re-understanding and re-establishment of modern society.In Hegel’s philosophical and theological writings of his early age,he fully absorbed Rousseau’s discussion of religion and legislation,and proposed his own concept of“national religion”and“subjective religion”based on Rousseau’s“citizen religion”in hope of transforming traditional Christianity,so that nature and norms,freedom and authority will eventually be united in this new religion,and human freedom will be realized in a more fundamental and holistic sense.This source provides a reliable reference for us to understand the development of Hegel’s thoughts and the philosophical system in his mature period.