从人类学哲学视域对马克思《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》的新理解

A new understanding of Marx's Theses on Feuerbach from the persepective of the philosophy of anthropology

《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》产生于黑格尔理念哲学转向费尔巴哈人本哲学这样一个至高点上,因而,它是马克思在这个至高点上向人类学方向的进一步开拓。《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》使用了三个不确定的词——感性的人的活动、实践、主体方面来表达马克思确定的哲学新思想。它既通过上述三个词的互释而呈现出这种哲学新思想,又通过对三个词不同方面的强调而表达出了人的人类学特质。在这一意义上说,人就是以人的人类学特质来理解对象、现实、感性,即人的周围世界的。因而,马克思是在这种人类学特质的根基上,构建了他的人类学唯物主义、人类学世界观、人类学活动论、人类学实践论、人类学辩证法等,并据此提出了改变世界的哲学要求。这就充分表明《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》所本有的人类学哲学特质。而这种对于《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》的新理解,对迎接人类学时代的来临,则具有根本性的意义。

Theses on Feuerbach was written at a time when the popular philosophy in Germany was shifting from Hegel??s philosophy of ideas to Feuerbach??s humanistic philosophy.Therefore,it was a further step Marx made towards anthropology from the vantage point of the philosophical shift.In Theses on Feuerbach,Marx used three phrases uncertain in meaning---human sensuous activity,practice and subject---to express his new but definite philosophical thoughts.Marx not only developed his new philosophical ideas by the mutual interpretation of the three phrases but revealed the anthropological traits of humans by highlighting some aspects of the three phrases.People,in this sense,understand object,reality and sensuousness,i.e,the world around them,through such anthropological traits of humans.Therefore,it is on the basis of such anthropological traits that Marx developed anthropological materialism,anthropological activity theory,anthropological practice theory,anthropological dialectics,and he accordingly made the philosophical claim to change the world.All of this fully dem?onstrates the characteristics of philosophical anthropology in Theses on Feuerbach.This new interpreta?tion of Theses on Feuerbach is of fundamental significance for ushering in the era of anthropology.