从教育选拔到教育分层:民国大学院校的招生与门槛

From Educational Selection to Educational Stratification: Admissions and Qualifications of Colleges and Universities in Republican China

揆诸民国大学院校有关招生方法及考务安排的相关史料发现,虽然理论上教育部统管各地各类大学院校,但在招生工作中院校却拥有较强的自主权。民国大学的招生在富有灵活、多样甚至杂乱等特点的同时,在看似开放、客观的表面下也暗含了诸如地域、知识和经济等多方面的要求或门槛。从教育本身的角度看,这些门槛体现了不同院校之间的境况差异,在一定程度上造成了民国考生的特定择校模式;从教育与社会互动的角度看,这些门槛又造成了不同地域和家庭来源的学生教育获得的差异,使得大学招生在体现教育选拔功能的同时,更凸显阶层流动意义上的教育分层功能,教育权利有成为教育特权之趋势。

According the historical sources related to admissions and entrance exams of colleges and universities in the Republic period,although theoretically the Ministry of Education was in charge of the high education,individual colleges and universities had relatively strong autonomy in admission.The admission of Republican higher education featured flexibility and variety.Under the open and impersonal appearance,the admission still had many requirements or qualifications in terms of students locale,knowledge,financial background and so on.As long as mere education was considered,these qualifications showed the difference of the colleges and universities,and to some extent resulted in Republic students particular pattern of selecting schools.From the perspective of the interaction between education and society,these qualifications led to the differentiations in the education from various regions and family backgrounds.Thus,the admission of higher education represented the function of educational selection,and more importantly,the function of educational stratification in terms of social mobility.The right of education tended to be the privilege of education.