“五显”与“五通”名号流变探析

Analysis between the Variety of Wuxian and Wutong

文章通过史料分析和实地考察,认为婺源五神(五显信仰)是纳入国家祀典的正神,经两宋、元明累次官封,先后有"五通""五显""五圣"等爵位封号。五显信仰最开始即有正邪之分,其中邪神"五通"自北宋至明朝一直被官方禁止传播。经过长期的历史发展,正神"五显"与邪神"五通"逐渐混淆,至清朝完全融合,被视为邪神,遭到禁毁;在应对禁毁的过程中转化出"五路""五猖"等名称,并长期存在于江南各地。太湖流域盛行的五猖信仰即是正神"五显"和邪神"五通"混淆后的现存状态。

The research in this paper with the textual analysis and the field works show that five gods of Wuyuan(Wuxian Cult)was the orthodox gods who received imperial honors for several times during the Song,Yuan and Ming Dynasties,which was entitled to abbreviations from Wutong,Wuxian to Wusheng etc.The notion of Wutong at the time implied a dualism between the right and the evil and evil spirits Wutong was repeatedly forbidden and ruined from the Song to middle Ming Dynasty.Over its long development,the right god Wuxian or Wusheng were gradually imparted with the super natural features of the evil god Wutong.Three of them were historically considered as the one and same kind of heretical deviltry and witchcraft.As a result,Wuxian,Wusheng,and Wutong were all exterminated,at the same time the cult transformed itself into Wulu and Wuchang,both of which exist until today.The Wuchang gathering,now a folk custom that has been prevailing in the Tai Lake Basin,is a ritualized and modern representation of the Wuxian Cult that mingles the characteristics of the evil god.