清代雍乾年间湘西官庙祭祀音乐与巫觋乐人制度研究

The Official Temple Sacrificial Music and the Wizard System in Western Hunan during the Yong and Qian Reigns in the Qing Dynasty

湘西地区自古以来被视为巫风流行之地。巫祭淫祀风气之下,保留着较多原始巫祀的遗风。巫觋乐人是湘西历史上以演绎祭祀歌舞为职业的群体,久已存在的户籍制度使这一群体代代相传。清代雍乾时期,湘西巫觋乐人制度的延续对湘西官庙祭祀音乐产生了巨大的影响。根据文献记载,湘西官庙祭祀音乐早在战国时期已经形成雏形,并一直延续至清代雍乾时期。清雍乾年间,清王朝在湘西重新修缮官庙和继续实行巫觋乐人制度,主要是为了贯彻"以庙治民、以庙治蛮"的教化主张,从而达到加强对湘西少数民族统治的目的。湘西巫觋乐人制度的延续实施与官庙祭祀礼仪重新建立后,中央王朝对巫觋乐人和官庙祭祀进行了系统的规范,特别是对巫觋乐人以及官庙中的音乐舞蹈活动确立了严格规制。

The western part of the Hunan Province has been view as a place of the wizards since the ancient time and the relique remains until today.Historically the wizard musicians were a group of people who made their living by performing dance and music in rite and sacrificial ceremonies and the profession and certification/registration system have been passed down from one generation to the next.During the Yong and Qian Reigns in the Qing Dynasty the continuation of such system had tremendous influence on the ceremonial music in the official temples.According to literary documentation the ceremonial music took shape in as early as the Warring States period and lasted continuously till the Qing Dynasty.Rulers in the Qing Dynasty remodeled the temples and continued the system for the purpose of“using the temple to control the people”.