论古诗地名使用的同一性和差异性——以唐诗中的“清湘”与“清淮”为中心

On the Sameness and Difference of Place Names in Ancient Poems: with Reference to “Qingxiang” and “ Qinghuai” in Poems of Tang Dynasty

古诗地名种类繁多,使用因人而异,因诗歌的题材、体式、创作目的而异。尽管情况复杂,但在使用上有其基本规律,那就是分为写实和虚拟两种情况。在写实层面,用的多为自然地名,或是经文人改写的文学化表述,同一性要大于差异性,主要表现为如实书写正名,取其本义,纪实为主,是出于文学作品必须客观反映现实生活的要求,与史家修史的用法相同。虚拟部分则为人文地名,差异性要大于同一性,一般只取其象征意蕴,以某个区域代表性的山脉河流为代表。这样的地名沉淀了当地的历史,蕴含地域文化传统,是区域文化和文学的语义符号。虽属泛咏,意义较虚,但抒情写志的功能强大,甚至具有意象特征和审美功能,能够召唤艺术想象,激发审美效应,意境鲜明,更应关注。上述特点,在唐诗中的清湘和清淮上有鲜明的表现。经由唐诗中的清湘和清淮这两个地名,可以清楚地看出古诗地名运用上的这两个基本规律。

Ancient poetry is interspersed with lavish kinds of place names,the use of which varies according to the individual poet,the subject matters,styles and purposes of poetic creation.Notwithstanding the complex situation,there are basic rules followed in their use,which are divided into the realistic rule and the virtual one.On the realistic level,most of the place names used are natural place names or literary expressions rewritten by literati.Consequently,their sameness exceeds their differences with the main manifestation that the true place names are accurately written with original meanings taken mainly for realistic purpose.It is out of the need that literary works must objectively reflect the real life.These place names are used in the same way as historians compiling the history.From the virtual perspective,however,the place names used are cultural place names and their differences are greater than their sameness.Generally,only their symbolic meanings are adopted with a representative mountain or river to stand for a certain area.Such place names capture local history and manifest regional cultural traditions,being the semantic symbols of regional culture and literature.Although broadly chanted with virtual connotations,they are powerful for emotional expression and ideal depiction,even with imagery features and aesthetic functions.These virtual place names deserve more of our attention because they are able to summon artistic imagination,stimulate aesthetic effects and showcase clear artistic conceptions.These characteristics have been clearly demonstrated by the use of the two place names,Qingxiang and Qinghuai in the poems of Tang Dynasty,through which the two basic rules followed by the use of place names in ancient poetry can be clearly seen.