中国乡村秩序的百年变迁与治理转型——以纠纷解决机制为中心的讨论

One Hundred Years of Changes and Governance Transformation of Rural Order in China——Discussion Centering on Dispute Resolution Mechanism

中国传统乡村社会有着自身独特的秩序逻辑和治理模式。近代以来随着国家政权向基层社会的渗透,传统礼治秩序受到极大挑战,导致了深刻的秩序危机。1949年以后,中国乡村社会逐渐形成一套以政治权力为主导的新的治理模式——政治秩序,从而实现了对乡村秩序的重建。改革开放以来,随着人民公社体制的解体,国家权力对乡村的控制力度大大降低,加上乡村社会自身的自治能力很弱,导致了新一轮的乡村秩序危机,而现代法律与乡土社会的冲突加剧了这种危机。在新的历史时期,乡村秩序重建的核心是要处理好国家与社会的关系,走出二者非此即彼的困境:一方面要重建适合农村的公共权威系统,特别是法律系统;另一方面要重建民间的权威系统,特别是民间调解系统。此外,要建立起二者之间的良性互动机制,形成自治、法治和德治相结合的新秩序。

The traditional rural society in China has its own unique order logic and governance model.Entering in the modern times,with the infiltration of state power into the grassroot society,the traditional order of ruling by rites was greatly challenged,resulting in a profound order crisis.After 1949,the rural society of China gradually formed a new governance model which was dominated by politics and hence was called political order,thus realized the reconstruction of rural order.Since the reform and opening-up,with the disintegration of people's commune system,the control of state power over countryside has been greatly reduced,and the autonomy of rural society itself is also weak,which led to a new round of rural order crisis,while the conflict between modern law and rural society intensified this crisis.In the new historical period,the core of the reconstruction of rural order is to deal with the relationship between state and society,and to get out of the dilemma of choosing one or the other.On the one hand,it is necessary to rebuild the state and construct the public authority system suitable for the countryside,especially the legal system.On the other hand,it is necessary to rebuild the society and the civil authority system,especially the folk mediation system.Moreover,we should establish the benign interaction between the two,and form a new order combining self-governance,governance by law and governance by virtue.