以乳品加工企业还是以奶农为核心?——中国奶产业链纵向一体化政策反思及改进思路

Dairy Enterprises or Dairy Farmers,Which Should Be Centered On? Improving Vertical Integration Policy of China's Dairy Industry Chain Based on GHM Model

"三聚氰胺事件"后,中国奶产业链的重塑政策可以概括为"养殖环节规模化+乳品加工环节高集中度化+以乳企为核心的纵向一体化"。然而,乳企和养殖企业间的纵向联系仍然脆弱,以乳企自建牧场为特征的完全纵向一体化也一直存在争议。基于GHM模型的命题认为,所有权应该赋予投资重要或者不可或缺的一方,以乳企为核心的纵向一体化并不符合资源配置的规律。在中国,市场和政策双重因素导致中国奶产业链处于被动的"非整合"状态,以乳企为核心的纵向一体化政策限制了养殖者的外部选择权,养殖者和乳企间的市场势力、市场进入规则和交易对象选择权的不对等使其谈判力进一步失衡。资源配置扭曲的后果是奶农在产业链上利益分配进一步恶化,中国的奶牛养殖业发展失速,正失去国际竞争力。中国政府应通过技术标准保护国内养殖企业发展,对乳企自建奶源行为保持中立,支持适度规模的家庭牧场的发展,提高奶农的组织化程度,取消进入乳企加工环节的行政壁垒,为以养殖者为核心的一体化创造可能性。

After the Melamine Incident,China..s milk industry chain remodeling policy can be summa.rized as“large-scale farming+high concentration of dairy processing+milk enterprise as the core of vertical integration”.But,not only the vertical connection between dairy processing enterprises and dairy breeding enterprises is still fragile,and but also the controversies are waged on the complete ver.tical integration characterized by milk enterprise managing their own dairy farms.Based on the proposi.tion of GHM model,ownership should be given to an important or indispensable party,and milk enter.prises as the core of the vertical integration does not meet the requirement of the law of resource alloca.tion.In China,market and policy factors lead to China..s dairy industry chain in a passive“non-merger”state.The vertical integration policy,centered on milk prices,further limits the external options of dairy breeding farmers.The market forces between the farmers and the milk market,the market entry rules and the unequal choice of the object of the transaction make their bargaining power further unbal.anced.The consequence of the distortion of resource allocation is the further deterioration of the distri.bution of benefits of dairy farmers in the industrial chain.Besides,China..s dairy farming industry will be slowed down,losing international competitiveness.The Chinese government should protect the development of domestic aquaculture enterprises through technical standards,keep the milk industry selfbuilt milk source behavior neutral,support the development of the scale of the family dairy farm,im.prove the degree of dairy farmers organization,cancel the administrative barriers to the processing of milk enterprises,and create possibilities for integration with farmers as the core.