数据的私法定位与保护

Private Law Positioning and Protection of Data

符号层面的数据文件应当与内容层面的数据信息严格区分。数据文件是信息的表现形式,而数据信息则是数据文件蕴含的信息内容。在经济属性上,数据信息具有非竞争性。对于数据文件中蕴含的信息,不必一般性地设定绝对权。在现行法下数据文件以及数据信息所负载的利益受到若干制度的保护,但都有其局限。数据文件是物理的存在,虽然可被人控制但无法被人的肉眼观察(无形)。基于数据文件可被界分和控制以及可以很方便地和存储载体相分离的特点,数据文件可以成为权利客体。尤其是基于占有法、破产法、强制执行法等方面的理由,应在数据文件上设定绝对权即数据文件所有权。数据文件所有权的原始取得人为交易观念视角下的数据文件制造者。数据文件所有权的权能和保护与其他绝对权类似但也有所不同。

Strict distinction should be made between“data”at two different levels:the data file at the syntactic level and the digital information at the content level.Data file is the form manifesting the digital information while digital information is the content of data files.The information contained in data files is non-rivalrous from the economic perspective.It is not necessary to establish a general absolute right to the information contained in data files.Under the current law,the interest contained in the data file and the digital information is protected by a number of legal institutions,all of which are however subject to limitations.Data files are physical existence,which,although can be controlled by the human being,is intangible.Data files may constitute the object of right because they can be demarcated,controlled and easily separated from the storage device.A kind of absolute right,i.e.the data file ownership,should be established particularly due to the considerations in respect of possession law,bankruptcy law,enforcement law,etc.The original acquirer of the data file ownership should be the creator of the data file from the economic point of view,and the content of the data file ownership is similar to but not identical with the other absolute rights.