小国民主中的多元族群:一项以尼泊尔为例的政治人类学解析

Multi-ethnicities in Small Democratic Nation:An Analysis of Nepal from the Perspective of Political Anthropology

尼泊尔的族际关系经历了整体民族概念形成、以种姓等级为基础的整合、以印度教高种姓为中心典范的同化、多元平等的民族共同体四个阶段。在第四个时期,由于山地高种姓、本土民族、马德西人三类主要民族的差异,其内部的族群认同和政治结盟得以可能,进而对国内的政局也产生了重要影响。尼泊尔的案例表明,为深入理解全球化背景下的小国政治,应从族群性的三方面,即政治文化、生计方式和地缘政治进行考察。

The development of Nepal’s inter-ethnic relations went through four stages: a. initial formation of integral national concept; b. further construction based on caste hierarchy; c. ethnic assimilation centered on Hindu high caste and d. recent period of multi-equal ethnic community. In the fourth stage, the differences among high caste Hindus in hilly region, indigenous ethnic group and Madheshi people made ethnic identity and political alliance possible. The difference had important impact on the domestic politics as well.