3～6岁幼儿上手投掷动作发展特征研究

Developmental Characteristics of Overhand Throwing Action in 3～6 Years Old Children

目的:经录像分析、TGMD-3及BTS三维红外动作捕捉测试,探究3～6岁幼儿上手投掷动作发展特征,科学指导幼儿投掷活动,促进幼儿动作发展。方法:采用独立样本T检验比较男女间差异;单因素ANOVA比较不同年龄组差异;双因素方差分析比较不同年龄及阶段差异。结果:(1)第2阶段的幼儿占各年龄组1/3以上;(2)不同年龄、阶段幼儿得分差异非常显著(P<0.001),男女间差异不显著(P>0.05),男略高于女;(3)3～6岁幼儿在肩屈曲、肩内旋、肘屈曲、腕屈曲、骨盆倾斜、上半身旋转、骨盆旋转的关节活动度上均表现出显著阶段主效应(P<0.05),未表现出年龄主效应。结论:(1)3～6岁幼儿上手投掷动作未随年龄增长呈线性上升,年龄并非唯一基准;(2)3岁组主要分布在前2个阶段,应重点引导其向后引臂和出脚迈步;4岁组主要分布在前3个阶段,应重点引导其出脚迈步及分层转体;5岁组主要分布在2～4阶段,应重点引导其分层转体及全身协调用力;(3)第2阶段是学龄前幼儿投掷动作发展的瓶颈,需引导其突破;(4)3～6岁幼儿上手投掷动作特征为:第1阶段靠手肘、手腕向前制动发力;第2阶段靠上体前倾发力;第3阶段靠身体前倾及侧倾的力;第4阶段依赖身体前倾产生的力;第5阶段全身协调发力;共同特征是手肘关节均未完全伸直。

Objective:Through video analysis,TGMD-3 and BTS three-dimensional infrared motion capture test,explore the development characteristics of 3~6 years old children's throwing action,scientifically guide children's throwing activities,and promote the development of children's movements.Methods:The independent sample T test was used to compare the differences between boys and girls;the one-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences among different age groups;the two-way analysis of variance was used to compare the differences between different ages and stages.Results:(1)The scores of children at different ages and stages were very significant(P<0.001),and the difference between boy and girl Was not significant(P>0.05),and the boys was slightly higher than girls(.3)3~6 years old children showed significant phase main effec(t P<0.05)in shoulder flexion,shoulder internal rotation,elbow flex Ion,wrist flexion,pelvic tilt,upper body rotation,and pelvic rotation.There was not significant at the age effect.Conclusion:(1)The 3~6 year old children's throwing action did not increase linearly with age,and age was not the only benchmark.(2)The 3-year-old group is mainly distributed in the first two stages,and should focus on guiding the arms backwards and legs to move forward;The 4-year-old group is mainly distributed in the first three stages,and The focus of the guiding its footsteps and layering turning;the 5-year-old group is mainly distributed in the second,third and fourth stages,and should focus on guiding its stratified body and systemic coordination.(3)The second stage is the bottleneck in the development of preschool children's throwing action,and it is necessary to guide its breakthrough.(4)The characteristics of the 3-6-year-old children's throwing action were:The first stage relies on the elbow and the wrist to brake.The second stage leans forward on the upper.The third stage leans forward and tilts.Force;The fourth stage relies on the force generated by the body forward.The fifth stage is the systemic coordination;The common feature is that the elbow joints are not completely extended.