作物营养遗传育种理论提出的背景思路及价值意义

Background Thinking and Value Significance of Crop Nutrition Genetics and Breeding Theory

科学施肥是作物品种产量潜力发挥的重要农艺技术,但目前在世界范围内出现了增施化肥却不能再增加作物产量的严重问题,作物营养遗传育种理论的提出则破解了这一难题。为了使广大土壤施肥和作物育种工作者更好地理解土壤施肥和育种的关系以及理论的重要价值意义,从理论提出的背景思路及其概念、原理进行了诠释。作物营养遗传育种理论首先提出了养分利用效率和耐肥性是作物品种高产性状的概念,并用试验证明土壤施肥、作物营养遗传特性、作物品种产量潜力三者存在逻辑关系,氮磷单施、配施与最大施肥量性状基因是决定作物品种产量潜力水平的遗传因子。作物品种产量潜力水平的形成期在杂交制种期,父母本只有含有相同的氮磷单施或配施基因且一方具有较强的耐肥性,才能实现杂交重组形成高产品种,杂交时相应施肥环境是自交系基因激活表达的必要条件。理论的提出可实现通过诊断营养遗传特性选择父母本直接杂交培育适应高、中、低肥力与土壤最大施肥量相匹配种植的高产优质品种,从而有效解决目前作物品种产量潜力很高,但大面积应用单产水平较低以及没有有效方法大幅度提高中低产田产量的问题。

Scientific fertilization is an important agricultural technique to help crops achieve full yield potential.However,it is now a worldwide problem that increased fertilizer use can't lead to rise in crop yield.The theory of crop nutrition,genetics and breeding can provide a solution to this problem.To enable soil fertilization professionals and crop breeders a better understanding of the relation between soil fertilization and breeding as well as the significance of the theory,this thesis explores the background in which this theory is proposed as well as its concept and principles.For the first time,the theory of crop nutrition,genetics and breeding proposes that nutrient use efficiency and fertilizer resistance are indicative of high-yielding characteristics of crop varieties.It is proved through experiments that there is a correlation between soil fertilization,nutritional and genetic characteristics of crops and yield potential of crop varieties and that single application of nitrogen/phosphorus,combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus and maximum fertilization rate are the decisive genes of yield potential of crop varieties.The yield potential of crop varieties is determined in the crossbreeding stage.High-yielding crop varieties can only be produced through crossbreeding and recombination when parents have identical genes of single application of nitrogen/phosphorus or combined application and when either parent has strong fertilizer resistance.The corresponding fertilization environment in the crossbreeding stage is necessary to activate the inbred gene expression.According to this theory,parents can be selected through identification of nutritional and genetic characteristics for crossbreeding of high-yielding crop varieties that can adapt to high,medium and low fertility and match with the maximum fertilization rate of soil.Consequently,it can address the problems of low yield per unit area in massive application of high-yielding-potential crop varieties and lack of effective measures to significantly improve the yield of medium-and low-yielding fields.