心抑或性:孰为象山学最高范畴考

Heart or Human Nature: A Study on the Highest Category of Xiangshan Thought

以心为象山学之最高范畴,乃是对陆九渊思想的莫大误解。依据如下:一是思想构成上,性说之占比及其地位,并不弱于心,且陆九渊有以心言性的习惯,其心论即性论。所以,性论实质上才是陆九渊的主要论说。其认为陆九渊"以心为性"与"论心不论性"者皆为谬论。二是心性关系上,陆九渊之心兼体用,性为体、知为用,"人心"说或"本体之心"说均不能准确呈现象山之心。性存心中,亦为心本,乃心之核心内涵。三是逻辑关系上,天赋而为性,人得性而为心,先有性而后有心,因而心本原于性,性才是象山思想之出发点。四是理论归宿上,陆九渊主张以心复性。陆九渊虽以发明本心闻名,然而归根到底,乃是回复天赋之性,因而性乃是象山思想之最终归宿。总而言之,象山学之最高范畴乃是性,而非心。

Taking the heart as the highest category of Xiangshan Thought is a great misunderstanding of Lu Jiuyuan’s thought.The basis is as the following:first,the composition of the mind,the proportion of human nature and its status is not weaker than the mind,and then Lu Jiuyuan has a habit of expressing humanity,and his theory is about human nature.So in essence,the theory of human nature is the main theory of Lu Jiuyuan.It is said that Lu Jiuyuan’s“heart as humanity”and“considering humanity regardless of human nature”are paradoxes;secondly,in the relationship between heart and human nature,Lu Jiuyuan’s heart is also useful,human nature is the body,knowledge is used as“people’s heart”or“the heart of the body can not accurately represent the heart of the mountain.In the heart of human nature,it is also the heart,which is the core connotation of the heart,and it is also the top priority of Xiangshan Thought.The third is in the logical relationship,talent is human nature.Human beings are human and heart.Using this human nature first,then have the heart.Therefore,the originality of human nature,human nature is the origin of Xiangshan Thought;Fourthly,in the theoretical destination,Lu Jiuyuan advocated“returning humanity with heart.”Although Lu Jiuyuan is famous for his invention,in the final analysis,it is the human nature of replying to talents.Therefore,human nature is the ultimate destination of Xiangshan Thought.All in all,the highest category of Xiangshan Thought is humanity not heart.