银行卡冒用民事纠纷的损失负担机制——以273份银行卡纠纷民事判决为样本

Loss-bearing Mechanism of Bank Card Fraudulent Use in Civil Disputes——A Sample of 273 Civil Judgments on Bank Card Disputes

在银行卡冒用民事纠纷中,银行和持卡人的损失分担比例在不同判例中不尽相同,经实证研究得出主要有银行承担全部损失,持卡人承担全部损失,银行承担主要损失持卡人承担次要损失及银行与持卡人平均分担损失四种类型。出现这四种裁判模式的主要原因是,实务界和理论界对银行卡冒用民事纠纷法律关系构成,证据证明力不同时,各方主体如何承担违约责任及违约责任承担规则和风险负担规则的适用情形存在分歧。司法裁判中解决银行卡冒用民事纠纷的损失负担机制问题时,应当在区分当事人一方或双方有无明显过错的前提下,依照先适用违约责任规则,再适用风险负担规则层级进行裁判。

In the civil dispute over the use of bank cards,the share of losses between banks and cardholders varies from case to case.According to the empirical research,there are four types:the bank bears all losses,the cardholder bears all losses,the bank bears the main loss,the cardholder bears the minor loss,and the bank and the cardholder share the average loss.The main reason for the emergence of these four modes of refereeing is the practical and theoretical circles have different opinions on how the subject of legal relation bears the responsibility for breach of contract and the application of the liability for breach of contract rules and risk burden rules when the legal relationship of bank card fraudulent civil disputes and the proving ability of evidence are different.When the judicial referee solves the problem of loss allocation for bank cards fraudulent civil disputes,the judgment should be conducted at the level of applying the liability for breach of contract and reapplying the risk burden rule on the premise that there is no obvious fault on one or both parties.