洪洞广胜寺元代建筑大木作结构研究

Research on large wooden-structured building of Yuan dynasty in Guangsheng temple,Hongdong

元代建筑在继承宋金传统的同时,对建筑构架进行了新的尝试,是中国建筑史的转折期。以山西省洪洞县广胜寺五座元代建筑为研究对象,通过实地测绘考察和文献研究,总结出广胜寺元代建筑大木作结构的总体特点:(1)传统构架与大额式构架并存,以前后槽大额法为主要形式;(2)平面柱网布置上综合运用减柱造与移柱造,配合大额式构架,形成合理空间布局;(3)立面上仍保持朴实古拙的外形,整体建筑风格体现出明显的过渡性特征;(4)斗拱形制变化显著,尺度明显缩小,结构性功能退化的同时装饰意味增强;(5)大量使用斜梁及挑斡等结构方法,普遍使用原材或弯料,梁栿在结构中的作用显著加强。研究结果可以进一步明确广胜寺元代建筑在中国建筑史中的地位,以及对明清建筑风格形成的影响。

The architecture of Yuan dynasty,serving as a turning point in the history of Chinese architecture opened up a new attempt at the architectural framework while inheriting the tradition of Song and Jin dynasty. Taking the five Yuan dynasty architecture of Guangsheng temple as the research object,through field mapping and literature studies,the paper summarizes the general features of the building structure:( 1) The coexistence of traditional frame and large-type framework,with the former trough large amount method being the main form;( 2) By moving and reducing column in terms of horizontal layout,combining with large beam framework to form a reasonable space layout;( 3) A simple and unclumsy shape on the facade,and architectural style reflecting the obvious transitional characteristics;( 4) The changes of bucket structure has been conspicuous,the scale was evidently reduced and the structural function was in degradation while the decorative function was enhanced;( 5) Wide use of inclined beam and provocation and extensive use of logs or bendings to strengthen the role of beam structure. The research results will help to clarify the status of Guangsheng temple’s architecture in the history of Chinese architecture,and the influence on the architectural style of the Ming and Qing dynasties.