资本、国家与社会主义——社会生活的两重性与国家治理的两重性

Capital,State and Socialism: Respective Dualities of Social Life and State Governance

哲学是时代精神的精华,如果说40年前我们的主要问题是要不要搞市场经济,那么40年后我们的主要问题是在市场经济基础之上要不要坚持社会主义以及如何坚持社会主义。党的十九大指出了中国社会主要矛盾的转化,第一次把满足人民美好生活的需要作为党的中心任务,这是一百年社会主义实践的最高自觉,因此,如何从哲学上总体思考当代中国的根本问题,并从顶层探索发展的思路就成为坚持中国特色社会主义的关键一环。可以从社会生活的两重性角度探索国家治理的两重性。一重性是指市场经济的必然性,另一重性是指人类共同生活的必然性。市场经济遵循的是市场原则、财富原则、资本原则,因而发展市场经济的必然结果是社会的两极分化和社会原则的瓦解,在这个意义上我们可以说,社会主义与资本主义的根本区别不在于要不要搞市场经济,而在于在市场之上,要不要发展民生和社会。由于任何个人都无法与资本抗衡,只有建立真正的人民国家才可能引导资本、驾驭资本,因而党领导下的人民国家在建设社会主义过程中将起关键的作用。

Philosophy is the essence of the spirit of the times.If our major question 40 years ago is whether or not to introduce market economy,then our main question 40 years later is whether or not and how to uphold socialism on the basis of a market economy.The 19th Party Congress points out the evolution of the principal contradiction facing Chinese society and for the first time takes the satisfaction of people’s need for a better life as the key task for the Party.This is the highest self-consciousness of socialist practice in a hundred years.Therefore,how to philosophically overview the fundamental problems in contemporary China and explore development method from the top level becomes the key link to uphold socialism with Chinese characteristics.The duality of state governance can be probed from the aspect of the duality of social life.One refers to the necessity of market economy while the other refers to the necessity of common life by human beings.The market economy follows the market principle,the wealth principle,and the capital principle.Therefore,the unavoidable results from developing market economy are polarization of the society and the collapse of social principles.In this sense,we can say that the fundamental distinction between socialism and capitalism is not whether or not market economy should be introduced,but whether or not to develop people’s livelihood and society on the basis of market.Since no individual can resist capital,only the establishment of genuine people’s state will be able to lead and ride capital.Therefore,a people’s state led by the Party will play a key role in building socialism.