“互联网+”时代的民主立法——美国规则制定的电子化改革述评

The Democratic Legislation in the “Internet+” Era——Review and Comment on the “E-Rulemaking” Innovation in the U.S.

早在20世纪80年代,美国国会和联邦政府便开始极力提倡和推动将网络技术应用于行政机关规则的制定过程。在官方指定网站上开展"公示评议",被确立为行政机关规则制定的法定环节。当前我国大数据建设与"互联网+"计划已全面铺开,网络日渐成为公民关注、讨论、参与和回应立法事务的重要场所,"互联网+"同民主立法相结合的前景十分值得期待。然而,同美国制度化的"公示评议"程序相比,我国的相关实践还带有明显的临时性和随意性,存在较大科学化、规范化和制度化的空间。回顾美国规则制定程序电子化的改革历程、学术论争和改革绩效,总结其中的有益经验和一般规律,或将对我国进一步实现"互联网+"同民主立法相结合的制度化实践提供重要启示。

As early as1980s,the U.S.government and Congress had started to promote and encourage the usage of internet in the process of rulemaking.Online Notice and Comment process were established as a legal procedure.At this moment,The Big Data initiative and“Internet+”project are both under construction;Internet is playing an important part in China s public participation and discussion.The prospect of combining“Internet plus”with democratic legislation is worth looking forward.However,compared with the institutionalization of Online Notice and Comment process,our practice appears to be temporary and optional,and needs to be more scientific and institutionalized.Reviewing the whole process,the debate and the effect of“E-Rulemaking”innovation in the U.S.will definitely be helpful for our study and research on the institutionalization of“Internet+”and democratic legislation.A successful reform doesn t happen overnight,but calls for constant trial and exploration.