高速公路土地复垦的景观生态质量评价——以汶马高速为例

Landscape Ecology Quality Evaluation of Highway Land Reclamation——A Case Study of Wenma Highway

为探究高速公路土地复垦对景观生态系统的影响,以汶川至马尔康高速公路(以下简称"汶马高速")为例,从景观生态学角度出发,以汶马高速沿线500m缓冲区为评价单元,通过构建景观生态质量评价模型,对汶马高速修建前、修建后复垦前和复垦后的三个时段的景观生态质量进行评价分析,再利用Arc GIS叠加三个时段景观生态质量,分析得出景观生态质量变化趋势,提出制约景观生态质量的因素,以期为高速公路用地选址和临时用地复垦方案优化提供借鉴。研究表明:(1)汶马高速公路修建前,处于稳定和较稳定状态的评价单元面积占比为100%;修建后复垦前,处于稳定和较稳定状态的评价单元的面积占比降至98.81%;复垦后,处于稳定和较稳定状态的评价单元面积占比降至49.99%。(2)通过Arc GIS叠加对比,修建后复垦前相对于修建前处于变差和略差状态的面积占比为24.82%,复垦后相对于修建后复垦前处于变差状态和略差状态的面积占比升至57.23%。(3)高速公路的修建对沿线景观生态质量有重大影响,在高速公路建设选址时应尽量选择建设用地、未利用地等对生态系统影响较小,复垦难度较小的地类;同时,临时用地复垦项目的实施对景观生态质量起到一定的改善作用,但景观生态系统对外来干扰具有相对滞后性,故复垦方案实施后应保持定期维护,以保证形成新的相对稳定的生态系统。

To explore the impact of highway land reclamation on landscape ecosystem,this research takes Wenchuan to Maerkang Highway(Hereinafter referred to as“Wenma Highway”)as an example and the 500m buffer zone along Wenma Highway as the evaluation unit.By constructing the evaluation model of landscape ecology quality,the ecology quality of landscape in the three periods before construction,before and after the reclamationn of Wenma Highway is analyzed from the perspective of landscape ecology.The change trend of landscape ecology quality is analyzed by Arcgis superposition of landscape ecology quality in the three periods.The restriction factors are discussed to provide a reference for site selection of highway and optimiztion of temporary land reclamation project.The research shows the following traits.(1)Before the construction of Wenma high-speed,the proportion of evaluation unit in stable or comparatively stable areas is up to 100%.The propotion is reduced to 98.81%after construction but before reclamation and 49.99%after reclamation.(2)By superposition and comparison through Arcgis,the ratio of worse and slightly worse areas after construction but before reclamation over that of before construction is 24.82%and the ratio of these areas after reclamation over that of after construction but before reclamation increases to 57.23%after the land reclamation.(3)The construction of highway has a great influence on landscape ecology quality.In the site selection of highway,the land used for building or unused land that has little influence on ecosystem and little difficulty of reclamation should be chosen.Meanwhile,the implementation of temporary land reclamation project improves landscape ecology quality to a certain extent.For the hysteretic nature of landscape ecosystem to external interference,regular maintainance after the implementation of reclamation program is a must to ensure the formation of a new and relatively stable ecosystem.