植物抗冻蛋白研究进展

Research Advances on Plant Antifreeze Proteins

低温胁迫会对植物的生长造成威胁,使农作物产量降低,无法满足人们的生产生活需要。因而,提升植物抗寒能力具有重要意义。抗冻蛋白是提高生物体对低温适应能力的一种蛋白质。目前发现的抗冻蛋白可以通过降低体系冰点、改变冰晶形态、抑制冰晶生长来防止低温胁迫对生物体造成伤害,提高生物体对低温的适应能力。现已在鱼类,昆虫和植物中发现并分离出具有抗冻能力的蛋白质,并且把植物或动物或动植物融合的抗冻蛋白相关基因转入到受体植株,植株的抗寒能力均有所提高,农作物的产量也随之增加。以表格的形式总结了近年来各类抗冻蛋白的研究进展,将从抗冻蛋白的发现、效应、活性的评价方式、作用机理、研究进展及应用等方面进行综述。另外有文献表明,在一些植物中还存在着一些具有调控抗冻蛋白积累的物质,如茉莉花酸和乙烯等,对提高植物在低温下的生活能力也具有重要意义,还需要进一步研究。其次,也发现具有其他的功能的抗冻蛋白,但是这些抗冻蛋白的同源性也不高,还需要我们去进一步探索。

Low temperature stress threatens the growth of plants,resulting in the reduction in the yield of crops,subsequently people’s needs for production and life cannot be met;therefore,it is of great significance to enhance the ability of plants to resist cold.Antifreeze protein is a protein that improves the ability of organisms to adapt to low temperatures.At present,the discovered antifreeze proteins can increase the adaptability of organisms to low temperature and prevent organisms from damages by reducing the freezing point of a plant system,changing the morphology of ice crystals,and inhibiting the growth of ice crystals.Proteins with antifreeze properties have been discovered and isolated from fish,insects and plants,and the genes related to antifreeze proteins from plants or animals or fused animals and plants are transferred to receptor plants,their cold resistances increase,and consequently crop yields increase.This paper summarizes the progress of various antifreeze proteins in recent years in a table form,and reviews the research of antifreeze protein from several aspects of discovery,effect,evaluation method of activity,mechanism,research progress,and application of antifreeze protein.In addition,some literature shows that there are still some substances that regulate the accumulation of antifreeze proteins in some plants,such as jasmine acid and ethylene,which are also important for improving the ability of plants to live at low temperatures,and further research is needed.Second,other antifreeze proteins have also been uncovered to have other functions,but the homology of these antifreeze proteins is not high,and further studies are needed.