“非遗”视阈下原生态民歌的艺术架构与生存路径——以马渡乡民歌为例

The Artistic Structure and Survival Path of Original Folk Songs from the Perspective of “Intangible Cultural Heritage”——Taking the folk songs of Madu Township as an example

马渡乡原生态民歌艺术由来已久,是川东民歌的重要组成部分,也是极富地方特色的非物质文化遗产,在语音上、曲调上有着鲜明的艺术特点,但目前却处于传承和整理工作双重艰难的尴尬境地。这需要对其加以保护和抢救,进而合理利用、传承发展。马渡乡原生态民歌的题材形式、歌词的地域特色非常明显,其曲调分为山歌、号子、小调、民俗歌等类,因此应对马渡原生态民歌进行抢救、保护,以及对宣汉民歌加以挖掘和保存并建立具体而切实有效的保护措施,以使马渡民歌后继有人。文章从四个方面进行论述,首先探讨马渡乡民歌诞生的环境与受到的挑战,考察了马渡乡地理位置和居民生活现状,以及马渡乡原生态民歌的发展现状。其次,对马渡乡原生态民歌的内容与体裁进行了全面检索,发现马渡乡原生态民歌的主要内容包括表现人们生活劳作、男女之间情感表达、反对剥削和压迫以及亲人之间情感表达等多个方面,而后对马渡乡原生态民歌体裁进行分析,对相关数据予以统计,并以广泛传唱的两首情歌为例进行个案分析。再次,从音乐学角度对马渡乡原生态民歌艺术构架的特色进行归纳,从语音、词汇、句法以及衬词的应用四个方面分析其地域特色,从旋律、调式和节奏、曲调与语言特色的结合、曲式结构三个方面分析其曲调艺术特点,并以民歌《苏二姐》为个案进行实例分析,随后选取该县域东北方的土家族"薅草锣鼓"进行比较研究,指出马渡乡原生态民歌与之相比,马渡乡民歌是汉族祖先流传下来的艺术形式,在方言语音上存在差异,在伴奏乐器上不作要求,在传唱地域上不受限制,并且可细分为山歌、号子、小调和风俗歌四类。最后,提出马渡乡原生态民歌的传承、保护与开发的具体实施策略与建议,包括在民歌保护方面,要制定地方法规、进行常态化建设,尽力抢救音乐资料、建立相关档案,保护传承人才、鼓励带徒授业;在民歌传承方面,要组织民歌协会积极开展传承活动,并将其纳入校本课程、搞好教育工作,还需大力引进音乐人才、开展专业训练;在民歌开发方面,要将开发融入到旅游活动之中相互促进,并做好宣传和推介工作。

The original folk song art of Madu Township has a long history.It is an important part of the folk songs in the eastern part of Sichuan.It has distinct artistic features in terms of pronunciation and tunes.It is currently in a difficult situation concerning its inheritance and organization.That means we should protect and rescue,rationally use,inherit and develop it.The theme of the original folk songs of Madu Township and the regional characteristics of the lyrics are very obvious.The tunes of Madu folk songs are divided into folk songs,horns,minors,and folk songs.To rescue and protect the original folk songs of Madu,we should establish concrete and effective protection measures to excavate and preserve the folk songs of Xuanhan to ensure that the folk songs of Madu can have inheritors.From four aspects,this paper first discusses the environment of the birth of Madu folk songs and the challenge and investigates the geographical position of Madu Township,the living conditions of residents,and the development status of the original folk songs in Madu Township.Secondly,the contents and genres of the original folk songs in Madu Township are searched in an all-round way.It is found the main contents of the original folk songs in Madu Township include the expression of people’s life and work,the emotional expression between men and women,the resistance to exploitation and oppression,and the emotional expression among relatives,etc.Then it analyzes the style of original folk songs in Madu Township,makes statistics on the relevant data,and makes a case study of two love songs that are widely sung.Thirdly,from the point of view of musicology,the characteristics of the art framework of the original folk songs in Madu Township are summarized.Its regional characteristics are analyzed from four aspects:pronunciation,vocabulary,syntax and the application of contrast words.The artistic characteristics are analyzed from three aspects:melody,mode and rhythm,the combination of melody and language characteristics,and the structure of the melody.A case study on folk song Susanjie is made.Then,a comparative study is carried out on Weeding Gongs and Drums of Tujia nationality in the northeastern part of the county.Compared with it,the original folk songs of Madu township is a form of art handed down by Han Chinese ancestors.There are differences in dialect pronunciation,no requirement for accompaniment instruments,and no restrictions on the region of singing.And it can be subdivided into four categories:folk songs,trumpets,minor tunes and custom songs.Finally,the paper puts forward the specific implementation strategies and suggestions for the inheritance,protection and development of the original folk songs in Madu Township.With regard to the protection of folk songs,we should formulate local laws and regulations,carry out regular construction,try our best to save music materials,establish relevant files,protect the inheriting talents,and encourage apprentices-training.In the aspect of folk song inheritance,it is necessary to organize folk song association to actively carry out inheritance activities,incorporate them into school-based curriculum,do well in education,introduce music talents and carry out professional training.In the development of folk songs,we should integrate the development into tourism activities to promote each other and do well in publicity and promotion.