“大同”和“小康”对20世纪中国人饮食生活的影响(下)——孙中山、毛泽东、邓小平的饮食民生观

Influence of “Great Harmony” and “Well-Off” on Chinese People's Diet and Lifestyle in the 20th Century(Second Part): Sun Yat-sen's,Mao Zedong's and Deng Xiaoping's Outlooks on Diet and People's Livelihood

形成于新石器时代的"大同"思想,是中国人从古到今的精神追求,尤其是在人们的饮食生活中,"人人都有饭吃"简直就是一种奢望,但"公天下"的愿望总是难实现,历史上有多少仁人志士为此而奋斗。到了19世纪末期,西方民主思想传入中国,"大同"思想与其有异曲同工之妙。进入20世纪,孙中山、毛泽东、邓小平成了中国在本世纪历史中的标志性人物,孙中山追求"大同",设计了民生主义,但未能付之实施;毛泽东笃信"大同",进行了一系列的社会改革试验,但未能取得完全成功;邓小平以"大同"为理想,实事求是地设计了现实的"小康"社会,扭转了中国的贫困趋势。他们三人的治国理念,都充分体现在各自的饮食民生观中,研究中国当代饮食文化,离开了这些都无从谈起。

The idea of“Great Harmony”,starting to exist in the Neolithic Age,is Chinese people’s spiritual pursuit since ancient times.Especially,“everyone has food to eat”was no better than an extravagant hope in people’s diet life.The longing for“the public world”which countless people with lofty ideas strived for is always hard to realize.By the end of the19^th century,the democratic thought similar to“Great Harmony”was introduced to China from western countries.In the 20^th century,Sun Yat-sen,Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping became iconic figures in China’s history.Sun Yat-sen,pursuing“Great Harmony”,designed his principles of people’s livelihood;Mao Zedong,believing in“Great Harmony”,conducted a series of social reform experiments;Deng Xiaoping,having a dream of“Great Harmony”,designed the realistic well-off society in a down-to-earth manner,reversing the poverty of China.These three people’s governing philosophies are adequately embodied in their respective outlooks on the diet and people’s livelihood.