北京文化参与的特点、挑战与政策思考--基于文化舒适物的实证分析

The Characteristics, Challenges and Policy Thinking of Beijing Cultural Participation——An Empirical Analysis Based on Cultural Amenities

文化舒适物(Cultural Amenities)是指"能够给城市生活带来舒适性的事物",强调地方体验。它是人们文化实践的主要载体或场所,是文化参与的重要指示器;有了文化舒适物,文化实践才能真正"落地"。因此,一个地方文化舒适物的存在与否或者存在数目,能够较为客观地反映出本地区文化参与的情况。通过对北京四大类文化舒适物统计与分析后发现,北京文化参与在空间分布上存在着相对不均衡现象,其中,市场类精神文化消费集中在城市功能拓展区,市场类物质文化消费中,特色餐馆占比重最大,反映了"吃"背后蕴含多样性的社交文化。纯公共文化参与中,博物馆、社区文化服务中心较为丰富,这反映了北京在现代化过程中仍然保留着浓厚的传统主义和睦邻友好的城市文化风格。半公共文化参与比较丰富,尤其是人文景观、高校。然而,北京文化参与同样面临着一些挑战,比如文化参与需求的多样性与现有文化舒适物空间分布的不均衡性问题;市民文化参与的主体性培育问题;文化消费活动还停留在单个设施或活动的消费上,地方作为一个整体空间的消费场景没有得到重视。提升文化参与的政策建议思路有:第一,注重文化舒适物空间布局的多样性和公正性;第二,界定文化参与中的政府、市场和社会的边界问题;第三,引入社会力量,培育市民文化参与的主体性;第四,在刺激文化消费方面,除了注重单个文化舒适物的消费带动作用,还要注重空间场景效应;第五,无论"自上而下"的公共文化参与,还是"自下而上"的市场文化消费活动,都要注重社会主义核心价值观、主流意识形态的引领作用。

Cultural amenities refers to“things that bring comfort to urban life”and emphasizes local experiences.It is the main carrier of people's cultural practice and an important indicator of cultural participation.Without cultural amenities,cultural practice couldn't become a reality.The presence or absence of a local cultural amenities,or the number of presences,can more objectively reflect the cultural participation of the region.Through the statistics and analysis of the four categories of cultural comforts in Beijing,it's believed that there is a relative imbalance in the spatial distribution of Beijing cultural participation.Market-oriented spiritual culture consumption is concentrated in urban function expansion areas.In market-oriented material consumption,specialty restaurants account for the largest proportion,reflecting the social culture behind the“eating”.In the pure public culture participation,the museum and community cultural service centers are relatively rich,which reflects that Beijing still retains a strong traditionalism and good-neighborly urban culture style in the process of modernization.Semi-public culture is more involved,such as cultural landscapes and universities.Beijing cultural participation faces some challenges,such as the uneven distribution of cultural amenities;The subjectivity of citizen participation is not obvious;Cultural consumption is still stuck in the consumption of individual amenity,and the place as a whole scene has not been taken seriously.Some policy recommendations for enhancing cultural participation:First,focusing on the diversity and fairness of the spatial layout of cultural amenities;Second,defining the boundaries of government,market,and society in cultural participation;Third,increasing the participation of non-governmental organizations to foster the subjectivity of citizen cultural participation;Fourth,paying attention to the effect of scene consumption;Fifth,focusing on the leading role of mainstream ideology.