7Grossman, P. L., Wilson, S. M., & Shulman, L. S. (1989) Teachers of Substance: Subject Matter Knowledge for Teaching. In M. C. Reynolds ( Ed. ) , the Know-ledge base for the beginning teacher [ C ]. Oxford, England : Pergamon Press, ix - xii.
8Carpender, T. P. , Fennema, E. , Franke, M. L. , Peterson, P. L. , Chiang, C.P. & Loef,M. ( 1993), Using Knowledge of Children' s Mathematics Thinking in Classroom Teaching : An Experimental Study A- merican Educational Research Journal, 26 (4) :499 - 531.