合作社组织、种植规模与农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为——基于太湖、巢湖流域水稻种植户的调查

Cooperative Organization,Planting Scale and Farmer's Soil Testing Formula Adoption Behavior: A Survey of Rice Growers Based on Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake Basin

测土配方施肥技术根据土壤养分和作物需肥规律合理施肥,有效减少肥料流失,减少农业面源污染问题。合作社种植户、种植大户、小户对该技术的认知、态度和使用呈现不同的特征。本文在太湖、巢湖流域各选取一个合作社调查,通过农事管理记录的方式,发现合作社种植户因组织优势在用肥技术、知识方面更具优势,采纳测土配方施肥技术后,每生产1 000千克水稻所使用的N、P2O5、K2O相比不采纳测土配方施肥技术的非合作社种植户减少比例达39%、34.18%、17.51%,化肥减量显著。在巢湖流域的肥东县调查发现种植大户更倾向采纳测土配方施肥技术。相比而言,小户知晓和采纳土配方施肥技术的比例均偏低,不知道测土配方施肥技术是小户不采纳该技术的主要原因。在未来的测土配方施肥技术推广工作中,需要继续发挥合作社的组织优势;采取用户分类的思路,开展有针对性的宣传;建立高效的技术推广行政组织体系,设置相应绩效评价制度;配备充足的硬件设施系统和技术推广人员;政府与肥料生产企业及肥料销售商合作,构建通畅的肥料生产、供应和销售系统;推广初期对测土配方肥进行价格补贴;提高测土配方施肥技术的可操作性,使种植户易于接受和使用。

In this paper,one cooperative was sampled from both Taihu Lake and Chaohu Lake Basin.With the method of agricultural management records,we found that cooperative growers have advantages in using fertilizer technology and knowledge due to organizational advantages,and the N,P2O5and K2Ouse to pro-duce per1,000kg of rice were reduced by39%,34.18%,and17.51%respectively,compared with non-cooperative growers who did not adopt soil testing formula technology;the reduction in fertilizer use was also significant.In Feidong County of Chaohu Basin,it was found that major planters are more inclined to adopt soil testing formula technology.In contrast,the proportion of small households who learn and adopt soil for-mula technology is low,their ignorance of the technology being found the major reason.In the future promo-tion of the technology,it is necessary to continue to promote the organizational advantages of cooperatives;to consider the idea of user classification in carrying out targeted publicity;to establish an effective adminis-trative organization system for technical promotion work;and set up a corresponding performance evaluation system.Adequate facilities and technicians should be allocated.The government should cooperate with fertil-izer producers and fertilizer distributors to build a smooth fertilizer production,supply and sales system.The initial price subsidy for soil testing formula should be raised and feasibility should be ensured to make it easy for growers to accept and use the technology.