商法漏洞的特别法属性及其填补规则

Lacunae in the Special Law Attributes of Commercial Law and Rules for Remediation

传统上,在处理民法与商法的适用关系时,依"特别法优先"的法律适用原则,商法有特别规定的优先适用,商法未作特别规定的,适用民法的一般规定。这种做法忽略了商法未作特别规定的,尚应区分为"无需作出特别规定"和"应当作出特别规定而未作特别规定"两种情形。对该两种情形的处理有着截然不同的规则。商法无需作出特别规定的情形,适用民法的一般规定;而商法应当作出特别规定而未作特别规定的,则构成商法的漏洞,应以法律漏洞填补的方法予以补充。填补商法漏洞而形成的规范本质上仍属于商事特别法的范畴,如果对商法未作特别规定的情形,不加区分地均适用民法的一般规定,无疑抹杀了商法漏洞的特别法属性,导致特定事项缺失规范的目的性和正当性。我国编纂中的民法典采民商合一体例,虽部分解决了商事特别法的规则,但商法漏洞仍不可避免,而民法总则引入的法律适用条款对解决商法的漏洞尚显制度供给不足,应通过法律解释和完善法律漏洞填补规则的路径,协调好民法和商法漏洞填补的一般性规则。整理商事立法和判例的资料,提出关于商法的解释、商事习惯法的认知以及商法学理的探究等方面的见解,并形成公认的商事法理,是商法学的当代使命。

The relationship between the applicability of civil and commercial law has traditionally been handled in accordance with the legal principle of the“priority of special law.”Commercial law has priority application when special provisions are involved,but the general provisions of civil law apply where no special commercial law provisions exist.However,this practice ignores cases in which commercial law has no special provisions.It is necessary to distinguish between situations where“no special provisions are required”and“special provisions should exist but do not.”The rules for handling the two situations are totally different.Where commercial law does not need special provisions,the general provisions of the civil law should be applied;but where commercial law ought to have special provisions but none exist,that constitutes a lacuna that should be remedied through the appropriate means.The norms formed by remedying gaps in commercial law still essentially fall into the category of special commercial law.If the general provisions of civil law are applied indiscriminately whenever commercial law lacks special provisions,this will undoubtedly obliterate the special law character of the gaps in commercial law,resulting in a lack of normative purposiveness and legitimacy for specific items.The fact that the civil law drawn up in China integrates civil and commercial law has partially solved the problem of rules for special commercial law,but lacunae in commercial law are still unavoidable,and the clause on the application of law introduced under the general rules of civil law lacks the institutional supply that could remedy these lacunae.Legal interpretations and improved rules for remedying such gaps should be used to harmonize the general rules of civil law and remedy lacunae in commercial law.The contemporary mission of commercial law is to sort out information on commercial legislation and jurisprudence;to provide insights into the interpretation of commercial law and the cognition of customary commercial law;explore the principles of commercial law;and form a recognized body of legal principles for commercial affairs.