利益、正当与分配正义——评西方学界对马克思主义道德理论的“功利主义”归类

Profit, Righteousness and Distribution Justice A Discussion on the Classification of Marxist Ethic Theory into Utilitarianism in the Western World

霍耐特、艾伦、布坎南等西方学者或以"利益论"、或以"结果论"、或以"总和论"等理由把马克思主义道德理论归类为功利主义,显然误解了马克思主义道德理论的元典精神、道德批判的元哲学叙事以及道德建构的经济—阶级性格。实际上,马克思主义通过给予利益以历史性的理解、对私人利益的超越性理解以及利益与道德的统一性理解,实现了对功利主义利益范畴的超越;马克思主义用经济基础解释正当,以物质生产活动规约正当,立足于人类社会理解正当,从根本上否定了正当是善的增加这一功利主义的观点;马克思主义深入资本主义经济的制度根源,在对私有制进行批判的基础上建构了分配正义与生产正义统一的正义观,既超越了功利主义分配正义的缺失,同时又超越了资产阶级以平等权利为核心的正义观。总之,马克思主义从唯物史观、从物质实践出发思考利益、正当与分配正义,把价值理想的实现与实践活动联系起来,用道德的实践开创了一种全新的、真实的、革命性的道德观。

Occidental philosophers and economists like Honnet,Allen and Buchanan,based on theories of consequentialism,profit or accumulation,have classified Marxist Ethics as utilitarian,which is an evident misinterpretation of the principles of the Marxist central ideas,the critique of ethics of the philosophical meta-narrative and the economic and class nature of the ethical structure.In fact,the Marxist theory,based on the historical perspective of“profit”,the transcendence of“private profit”and the unification of“profit”and“ethics”,expands the utilitarian concept of profit itself.The Marxist theory takes the correspondence with productive means as the standard to define righteousness,stands on the sociologist point of view of the concept of righteousness,and uses basic concepts in economics to explain justice,completely negating the utilitarian notion of righteousness being a form of accumulated“rightness”or“goodness”.Marxism reached the very roots of the capitalist economic system,with a basis on the critics on the private property system,constructed a unified system of distribution and production justice,which correcting the deficiencies of the utilitarian distribution justice,and transcending the bourgeoisie concept of justice as power equality.Therefore,Marxism analyses profit,righteousness and distribution justice from the perspective of historical materialism and material practice,combines the realization of ideal value with practical activity,and creates an entirely new,authentic,and revolutionary ethical system through practicing ethics.