西藏与南亚经济交流的历史与现实

The History and Reality of Economic Exchange between Tibet and South Asia

历史上,西藏作为"古南方丝绸之路"、唐蕃古道、茶马古道的重要参与者,曾是中国通往南亚的重要门户。西藏与南亚地区自然地理条件、资源禀赋的差异促进了两个地区经济交流,而随着佛教由南亚传入西藏,不仅带来两地间的文化交流,更深刻影响了西藏的历史发展进程。西藏与南亚地区经济、文化交流的纽带是历代中央王朝建立的以朝贡贸易为基础的朝贡体系。这一体系通过开展垄断贸易、特许贸易的形式,形成了以西藏为中心的辐射周边克什米尔、拉达克、廓尔喀、锡金、不丹等地区的朝贡体系,而且在经济交流的基础上建立和完善了西藏与这些区域的宗教联系,形成了这一地区独特的贸易——宗教复合关系,这一关系维持了这一地区长期的政治、经济、宗教稳定状态。近代以来,英国殖民者以印度次大陆为中心,通过资本扩张、殖民掠夺、战争等方式,不断介入这一地区的羊绒、茶叶、白银贸易,并逐渐改变了这一地区传统的贸易——宗教复合关系,形成了以英印殖民贸易为基础的西藏南亚贸易结构。同时,以殖民贸易为基础的经济关系也导致了西藏与这一地区宗教关系、政治关系的变化。二战结束以后,地区格局的重大变化深刻地影响了地区间经济交流,特别是中印1962年边界冲突的发生更是导致地区间经济文化交流的停滞。改革开放以来,特别是20世纪90年代初,随着中印关系的改善,西藏与南亚地区经济、文化交流才开始缓慢恢复与发展。随着"一带一路"倡议的深入实施,进一步深化西藏与南亚地区经济文化交流,对促进西藏产业结构调整、改善周边国家和地区的关系、富边兴边、巩固国防、维护祖国统一、实现西藏跨越式发展和长治久安都具有特殊意义。

Historically,Tibet,as an important participant in the“Southern Silk Road”,the Tang-Bo Ancient Road and the Ancient Tea Horse Road,was an important gateway for China to South Asia.geographical conditions and resource endowments between Tibet and South Asia promote economic exchanges between the two regions.As Buddhism was introduced from South Asia to Tibet,it not only brought the two places,but also profoundly affected the historical development of Tibet.The ties on the exchanges between Tibet and South Asia are the tributary sytem based on the tributary trade established in the central dynasties.This system has formed a tributary s y tm centered on Tibet and radiating neighboring Gurkha,Sikkim,Bhutan and other regions through the form of monopoly trade and concession trade,and established on the basis of economic exchanges.After the end of the Second World W ar,major profoundly affected regional economic exchanges.In particular,border conflicts between China led to the regional stagnation of economic and cultural exchanges.Since the policies on reform and opening up carried out in1990s,economic and cultural exchanges between Tibet and South Asia began to slowly recover and develop with the improvement of Sino-Indian relations.We will furtlier deepen the economic exchanges between with the in-depth implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative,promote the adjustment of improve the international and regional relations,consolidate national defense,safeguard the reunification of the motherland,oppose the split,and realize the leap-forward development and long-term stability of Tibet.