文本、禁忌与心态:读《题十五完人墨迹》

Text,Taboo and Mentality: A Reading of The Inscriptions on the Calligraphy of 15 Perfect Men

《题十五完人墨迹》是朱彝尊晚年所写的一篇跋文,所写对象均是前明忠臣,节义昭然。跋文所涉史实表明,"抗清"是清初政治与士林群体的禁忌,造成满汉之间、汉族士人之间的撕裂与对立。清廷为弥合裂隙、稳固统治而付出长期努力,作为个体,朱彝尊由抗清之"大布衣"转变成仕清之"翰林检讨",也经历了痛苦的人生思考与抉择。朱彝尊最终选择学术之路,应征博学鸿儒,致力于文献著述与传承,贡献卓著。《题十五完人墨迹》一文,因此成为解读朱彝尊心路历程、折射清初政治走向与士人身份认同的一个样本。

The Inscriptions on the Calligraphy of15Perfect Men is a postscript written by Zhu Yizun in his later years.The objects are all former loyal officials of the Ming Dynasty who persisted on their integrity.The historical facts involved in the postscript show that“resistance to the Qing dynasty”was a taboo of politics among the scholastic groups in the early Qing dynasty,resulting in the tearing and antagonism between the Manchu and Han,as well as among the Han scholars themselves.The Qing court has made long-term efforts in order to bridge the gap,stabilize the ruling.As an individual,Zhu Yizun transformed himself from a civic resistant to a high rank academic official of the Qing dynasty,also experienced the painful reflection of life and choice.Zhu Yizun finally chose the academic road,applied for the position of“erudite Confucian scholar”,committed to literature writing and inheritance,and has made outstanding contributions.The Inscriptions on the Calligraphy of15Perfect Men has thus become a sample of interpreting Zhu Yizun's spiritual journey and reflecting the political trend and intellectual identity of the early Qing dynasty.