大数据权利属性的法律逻辑分析——兼论个人数据权的保护路径

Legal Logic Analysis of Nature of Big Data Right:Concurrently on Protection Methods of Personal Data Right

大数据权利属性作为社会治理中的法律逻辑起点,主流学说具有明显的局限性,无法解决数据采集过程中,必须征得数据权利主体同意的这一前提条件,给大数据在社会治理中运用带来了不可逾越的理论障碍。以人格隐私权、财产权、知识产权为逻辑起点的数据权属定位,无法为数据权以及个人信息权提供完善的保护路径,也无法满足我国数据产业的发展。厘清我国数据权属,有必要脱离我国学界主流的以财产权说、知识产权说为逻辑起点的数据权属定位,将其直接定位为数据权,并明确这一权利的属性特征,需要对数据权利进行分类,厘清数据权利类型的边界,进而根据不同权利类型设计保护路径。我国个人数据保护可以借鉴权利体系中其他权利保护的路径与制度,数据权利的保护要着重规范数据使用过程中数据主体的行为规范,建立数据使用过程中关于数据权益保护的法律制度。

The nature of big data right is the logic origin of law in social governance.The mainstream theory has obvious limitations.It can’t solve the premise that the data collection process must obtain the approval of the subject of data right.It’s impossible to provide perfect protection methods for data rights and personal information rights that taking personal privacy,property rights and intellectual property as the logic origin of the nature of data right,which cannot meet the development of China’s data industry,either.To clarify the nature of data right in China,it is necessary to deviate from the mainstream of the domestic academia that taking the property rights theory and intellectual property rights as the logic origin of the nature of data right,and shall directly locate it as data right and clarify the nature of this right.The data right shall be classified and the boundaries of it shall be clarified,thus the protection methods can be designed based on the different types of rights.China’s protection of personal data can refer to the protection methods and system of other rights in system.The protection of data right should focus on standardizing the behavior of the subject of data right and establish a legal system for protection of data right in the process of data use.