东晋“中兴四佐”发微

A Study of the Four Key Assistants to the Emperor during the Early Eastern Jin Resurgence

东晋成帝时期的殷融曾提出时有"中兴四佐"。本文通过考证,认为中兴四佐实指晋元帝时代的刁协、刘隗、周顗、戴渊四人。学界传统上依据东晋史料,多以元帝崇尚申韩之术,所任使之心腹唯在刁、刘,而对周顗、戴渊于元帝一朝的政治施为殊少研讨,实则周、戴二人以元帝心腹的角色活跃于政坛当亦甚早。周顗之文化名望仅次于王导,据《世说新语》其人在琅邪王氏之外的主要交集者庾亮、桓彝、郗鉴、谢鲲等均是亲帝室人物,此种政治立场的巧合当非偶然;戴渊因具武干而数次被委以控制地方力量的军事要职,其对于元帝掌握政局的重要性亦不容忽视。中兴四佐缺载于此后的史籍,应当与刁、刘同周、戴在政治、社会风评上的巨大差异,周、戴奉事元帝之政治脉络的隐秘性,以及以王导为首之琅邪王氏势力对于第一次"王敦之乱"话语权的争夺及重塑等多重因素的制约和影响存有密切联系。"中兴四佐"的意涵究为"元帝的四位股肱之臣"抑或仅为"元帝时因王敦而罹厄之四臣",明帝、成帝之世就由于上述原因而在时人观点中各有呈露,同时这两种价值判断均随着政治掣肘和时代移易,先后消逝在东晋的时人谈资与史籍记录中,故而未受到后来治史者应予的注意。

During the reign of Emperor Cheng of the Eastern Jin Dynasty,Yin Rong(殷融) mentioned the term Zhongxing sizuo(中兴四佐),meaning four key assistants to the Emperor responsible for the resurgence.This paper identifies that four people as Liu Wei(刘隗),Diao Xie(刁协),Zhou Yi(周顗) and Dai Yuan(戴渊).Former researchers have been emphasizing the importance of Liu Wei and Diao Xie,while Zhou Yi and Dai Yuan have received little attention.As a matter of fact,Zhou and Dai were active in the political arena.Zhou Yi was very close to the influential Wang family and other people close to the Royal family.Dai Yuan,on the other hand,held important military general position for many times.The disappearance of the notion of Zhongxing sizuo in the post Jin records and the full meaning of this term is also discussed.