清前期中朝关系与“东亚”秩序格局

The Characteristics of China-Korea Relationship and Its Connection to the East Asian International Order

在"东亚"成为流行语汇的历史研究中,"朝贡体制"常被用作一个统摄性的概念使用。然而"朝贡体制"在清代,主要体现中国与朝鲜、琉球、安南等国的关系,其中尤以中朝关系最为密切,并不覆盖"东亚"。本文通过梳理清代史料,呈现清代中国与朝鲜封贡关系的特点,其中包括敕封、给印、颁历、参与常态礼仪活动、日月食救护、赈济灾伤、常态互市,朝鲜人参与八旗等等,不仅凸显中朝关系近于中国与其他封贡国、无藩封关系的其他朝贡国之间的关系,更反衬出中朝关系与地处"东亚"而与清无邦交的日本之间关系的差别。由于中、朝、日在"东亚"区域的国际关系中皆具有重要性,前述考察提示,17至19世纪中叶的"东亚"国际秩序并非笼罩在任何单一制度化体制之下,"朝贡体制"或"朝贡贸易体制"不能涵盖该时代"东亚"地区国际关系和秩序格局,对相关的研究方法也需要反思。

The term“Eastern Asia”has been a popularly used term in the discussion of pre-modern history especially in dealing with China,Korea,and Japanese relationships.Tributary system,accordingly,is commonly used to explain Asian international order in that times.This paper,first of all,examines the characteristics of the China-Korea relationship during the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries.Further,it argues that the relationship of Qing China with then Korea was profoundly different from that with Japan.Therefore,the relatively peaceful order in“Eastern Asia”during that era cannot be fully interpreted through the popular so-called tributary system perspective.Related conceptual and methodological issues are also discussed.