墨子“尚同”学说新探

A New Study on Mohist Theory of Shang Tong

同异之辩是后期墨家关注的问题,以异定义同的辩证逻辑是墨家对中国名学的独特贡献。重新审读《墨子·尚同》诸篇,在自下而上"一同天下之义"的过程中,同样分化出"义"的三种样态。"一同天下之义"既是一也是多,既是同也是异。"上下情通"则保障了民意的收集和信息沟通顺畅。可以说,"尚同"是充分注重民意和差异性的国家统一学说。

The argument between Tong(同,the same)and Yi(异,different)is one of the issues,on which late Mo-School focused.And the dialectical logic of defining Tong with Yi is the unique contribution of Mohism to the study of names(名学).By re-reading the three texts of Shang Tong(《尚同》,to conform upward),we could find that in the progress of unifying the principles of the world(“一同天下之义”)from below to above,it differentiates into three principles as well.The slogan of“unifying the principles of the world”is the unity of one and many,Tong and Yi.In addition,the principle of information communication between above and below ensures the collection of public opinion and the smooth communication of information.Therefore,we could conclude that Shang Tong is a national unified doctrine which fully focuses on public opinion and differences.