面向自然灾害应急的卫星协同观测策略研究

Research on Requirements and Strategies of Satellite Cooperative Observation for Natural Disaster Emergency Response

对地观测卫星因其宏观、快速、动态、准确的优点在防灾、减灾、救灾领域发挥着重要作用,是自然灾害应急不可替代的全球观测手段。现有的卫星协同观测存在灾后有效数据不能完全覆盖灾区、亚米级空间分辨率数据匮乏等问题,不能满足日益丰富的自然灾害应急管理需求。为充分发挥在轨卫星效益,提高灾区灾后有效数据覆盖率,文章深入分析自然灾害观测环境复杂、时效性强、观测要素多、观测范围大、观测密集度高等特点,围绕空间分辨率和观测频次等关键指标,梳理典型自然灾害应急观测需求。之后,结合灾害目标特点及其时空变化规律,综合考虑星地资源状况和约束条件,提出一种自然灾害事件驱动的基于目标优先级排序和时空约束的多星协同观测策略,对解决自然灾害应急观测期间"灾后数据多,有用数据少"问题具有借鉴意义。

Earth Observation satellites are irreplaceable in global observation because of their rapid,dynamic,and accurate advantages.They play an important role in disaster prevention,reduction,disaster relief and rescue cycles.The existed collaborative earth observation methods can not meet the increasing demand for natural disaster emergency management because the valid post-disaster data can not cover the whole disaster area and sub-meter high spatial resolution data are lack.At first,the characteristics such as natural disasters'complex observation environment,strong timeliness,multiple observational factors,large observation extent,and high observation density were analyzed.Then,key indicators such as spatial resolution and observation frequency were chosen to analyze the typical natural disaster emergency observation requirements.Afterwards,a multi-satellite collaborative observation strategy based on natural disaster event-driven and space-time constraints was proposed according to the characteristics of disaster targets and their temporal and spatial changes.This strategy is based on the resources and constraints of the ground and satellites,which can provide solution to increase the effective coverage area of post-disaster data and the usage of the on-orbit satellite.