周口市非正规就业调查及其特征分析

Informal Employment Survey and Its Characteristic Analysis in Zhoukou City

本文以河南省周口市为案例,深入调查了小商贩、出租车司机、建筑装修工人三类主要的非正规就业群体。结果发现,非正规就业数量已占周口城镇非农就业70%以上;非正规就业提供了较高的收入和一定的职业提升空间,因此能够吸引中年男性就业。同时,由于非正规就业需要城市空间的支撑,故非正规就业者普遍具有较强的城镇化意愿,形成了非正规就业支撑的本地城镇化模式。本文进一步分析由于产业升级中资本对劳动力的普遍替代、城镇化进程中生活性服务业发展等原因,非正规就业为主的就业结构在周口这样的中小城市将长期存在。与大城市外来人口的非正规就业不同,中小城市的非正规就业者多是本地农民,没有不稳定、低收入、家庭分离等问题,反而是推动本地城镇化的重要力量。因此,中小城市应给非正规就业充分的政策和空间支持,探索包容性更强的城镇化路径。

Taking Zhoukou City in Henan Province as a case, this paper makes an in-depth survey on three main groups of informal employment: small traders, taxi drivers, and construction and decoration workers. It is found that the number of informal employment has accounted for more than 70% of urban non-agricultural employment, which attracted middle-aged men by providing higher income and certain career promotion space. At the same time, since informal employment needs the support of urban space, the employees generally have stronger urbanization willingness, which forms the local urbanization mode supported by informal employment. Similar to the situation of Zhoukou, because of the universal substitution of capital for labor force in industrial upgrading and the development of the living service industry in the process of urbanization, the employment structure dominated by informal employment will exist for a long time in small and medium-sized cities. Different from the informal employees of migrants in big cities with the problems of instability, low income, and family separation, informal employees in small and medium-sized cities are mostly local farmers, so that it is an important force to promote local urbanization. Therefore, small-medium cities should pay more attention to the role of informal employment by providing space and policy support and explore the path towards inclusive urbanization.