梁启超和章太炎的“亚洲主义”论述——从回应近代日本“亚洲主义”的视角

Liang Qichao and Zhang Taiyan's "Asianism":From the perspective of responding to the "Asianism" of modern Japan

在晚清至民初时期中国处于相对衰弱地位的背景下,梁启超和章太炎以明治维新为蓝本,肩负了探索中国近代革命道路的民族使命,从被压迫民族立场对已经兴起的近代日本亚洲主义进行回应,阐述了独自的"亚洲主义"言说。他们都认识到近代日本亚洲主义为抗拒西方的殖民侵略,在主张亚洲国家"互相联合"对抗西方的同时,实质上又包藏对中国及朝鲜等亚洲国家行使霸权主义的野心,揭示了这种日本型"亚洲主义"的欺瞒性。本文以考察梁启超翻译《佳人奇遇》的态度,以及梁启超和章太炎对明治时期盛行的"人种论亚洲主义"所作出的批判性反思为线索,指出他们当时基本态度,即对明治维新成功的钦佩和"同文同种""唇齿相依"论的亲近感。他们开始对日本的"亚洲主义"有过认同,但心情、思路和愿望却与之大不相同,他们对日本"亚洲主义"的反应可以说是经历了一个由期待、认同到警惕、批判的过程。特别是章太炎组织发起的"亚洲和亲会"及其言论,超越了明治时期"人种论亚洲主义"的藩篱,排斥了日本"亚洲主义"的扩张主义性格,是当今思考"亚洲"以及"亚洲共同体"概念的贵重思想资源。

In the context of China's relatively weak position from the late Qing Dynasty to the early Republican period,Liang Qichao and Zhang Taiyan took the Meiji Restoration as the blueprint and shouldered the national mission of exploring China's modern revolutionary road.From the standpoint of the oppressed nation,they responded to the emerging modern Japanese Asianism and elaborated his own"Asianism".They all recognize that modern Japanese Asianism is a resistance to Western colonial aggression.While advocating Asian countries to"mutually unite"against the West,it essentially embodies the ambition to exercise hegemonism against Asian countries such as China and North Korea and revealing the deception of this Japanese"Asianism".This article examines the attitude of Liang Qichao's translation of Fortuitous Meeting and the critical reflections of Liang Qichao and Zhang Taiyan on the"ethnic theory of Asianism"prevailing during the Meiji period,pointing out that they were based on attitudes,that is,admiration for the success of the Meiji Restoration and the closeness of the theory of"the same kind of the same kind"and"the lips and teeth".They began to agree with Japan's"Asianism,"but their moods,ideas,and aspirations were very different.Their response to Japan's"Asianism"can be said to have experienced a period of expectation,approval,vigilance,and criticism.In particular,the"Yazhouheqinhui"and its remarks initiated by Zhang Taiyan have transcended the barriers of"ethnic theory of Asianism"during the Meiji period,and rejected the expansionist character of Japanese"Asianism".It is a valuable resource for thinking about the concepts of"Asia"and"Asian Community"today.