19世纪欧洲民族问题中的“族体”与马克思恩格斯的解读

“Nationality”among the Ethnic-National Issues of Europe in the 19^(th) Century and the Points of View of Marx & Engels

马克思主义者对民族现象和民族问题的论述,是有别于自由主义民族理论的重要理论体系。从历史唯物主义而不是唯心主义视角探析家庭、氏族、部落、族体(nationality)乃至民族、国家的源起与未来,是马克思主义者有别于自由主义者的认识论特点;将民族问题纳入无产阶级革命这一总问题进行思考,是马克思主义者的实践论特点。然而马克思主义者的民族观并不是自发形成,而是随着西欧强权政治对族体问题、民族矛盾的蓄意挑拨和渲染,随着民族观念的传播,在揭穿敌人阴谋、纠正错误思想中逐渐形成的。本文通过回溯18世纪以来民族观念从西欧向中东欧的传播过程,以及马克思主义创始人对民族问题的回应与阐发,展示了马克思恩格斯有关民族的思想观点。

Marxism is an important school in the research field of the ethnic-national issues,which differs widely from the Liberal school.Discussing the origin and future of family,clan,tribe,nationality,nation,and state from a materialistic perspective rather than an idealistic one is the epistemological characteristic that marks the Marxists out from the Liberals;and considering the ethnic-national issues under the general issue of proletarian revolution constitutes the characteristic of Marxist theory of practice.Nonetheless,the Marxist ideas about nation,which were not spontaneously shaped,were developed gradually in a context that the European power politics drove a wedge and exaggerated hostility among nationalities,and along with the spreading of the national concept that exposed the conspiracies of the regional hegemonic powers and corrected the wrong ideas.This paper is intended to demonstrate the ideas and viewpoints of Marx and Engels on nation by recalling the spreading process of the national concept from Western Europe to Central and Eastern Europe,as well as the explanations and responses by the founders of Marxism to the ethnic-national issues.