走出游牧:以色列境内贝都因部落的现代化之路

Departing Nomadism: The Modernization of the Bedouin Tribes in Israel

作为以色列南部内盖夫沙漠的重要族群,贝都因人的重新安置和发展问题无论是在建国初期还是现在,都对该地区乃至对整个以色列的发展影响巨大。因此,以色列政府从具体问题出发,在不同时期分别采取了不同的安置政策。在历经区域集中、地方城市集中及重新规划、承认既存村庄的阶段性政府政策之后,贝都因部落的内部结构发生了较大变革:部落社会所主导的部落主义集体文化逐渐向个体主义文化倾斜,老者及女性的角色与地位都发生了若干变化。虽然土地所有权、身份认同、传统与现代价值观之间的冲突等问题使得贝都因部落现代化之路任重道远,但从长远来看,贝都因部落目前所面临的问题是游牧部落现代化时所要解决的现实问题,其现代化的实现并非遥不可及。

The resettlement and development of the Bedouin tribes,an important ethnic group in the Negev Desert of southern Israel,have always had a great impact on the development of the region and the whole of Israel both in the early days and now.As a result,the Israeli government has taken it as a specific issue by adopting different resettlement policies at different times.In the wake of successive policies pursued by the government that highlighted regional concentration,local-urban concentration,and re-planning of the seven Bedouin towns and recognition of the existing villages,the internal structure of the Bedouin tribes has undergone great changes:the collective culture of tribalism dominated by the tribal society has gradually moved towards individualism;the family of the tribe has transformed from the strict patriarchy toward more equality;and the roles and status of the elderly and women have undergone some changes.Although the existing traditional land ownership,identity conflict,conflict between traditional and modern values make the modernization of the Bedouin tribes a long way to go,the difficulties facing the Bedouin tribes are realistic problems that have to be solved in the development process of modernization,and their modernization is not out of reach in the long run.