图片在二语听力测评中的应用及其启示

Visuals in listening assessment and implications for assessing core competences

图片在语言测试评价中使用比较广泛。现今听力测试中常见的测试任务类型,如辨音/词、正误判断、多项选择题、记录信息等,均可以根据具体的测试目的采用合适的图片形式加以呈现。以我国大陆地区中考(2014年)和台湾地区的少儿英检测试、全民英检测试(初级、中级)以及国外剑桥少儿英语考试、剑桥通用英语校园版、托福小学考试等对应"欧洲语言共同参考框架"A1—B1级能力水平的测试为研究样本,对其中图片在考查听力理解能力时的使用情况进行分析,可以发现,图片在初、中级英语听力能力水平测试中应用广泛,输入的语言形式和图片类别有区别,各类听力图片任务涉及的认知加工层次随着级别递增,分别涵盖输入解码、词汇识别、语义分析、意义建构四个层次的认知加工过程,主要考查听懂词汇、简单指令、连续指令以及听懂描述、说明、操作程序的能力。但是如何对核心素养中"看"的能力以及视觉素养进行评价和培养,需要研发单独的测评活动还是采取融合听、说、读、写四个方面的模式路径,仍然有待进一步研究和探讨。

Visuals are widely used in language testing and evaluation.The common task types for assessing listening,such as speech/word recognition task,True/False,and multiple choice questions can all be designed with appropriate visual input according to specific test purposes.Taking the Chinese Mainland Middle School Entrance Examination(2014),General English Proficiency Test-Kids and the General English Proficiency Test(junior,intermediate)in Taiwan,China,Cambridge Young Learners English,General English for Schools(KET,PET),and TOEFL Primary,which are corresponding to the A1-B1 proficiency level of the European Common Reference Framework for Languages as samples,this paper examined the use of visuals in the listening comprehension parts in tests mentioned above.The results showed that visuals were widely used in listening tasks,while the input differed in terms of language and categories of visuals.The cognitive processing levels involved in various types of listening tasks with visuals increase along with the language proficiency level,covering four levels of cognitive processing:input decoding,word searching,parsing and meaning constructing.The tasks mainly targeted the ability to understand words,simple instructions,continuous instructions,narration,description,as well as operational procedures.However,whether to evaluate and enhance the ability of“viewing”and visual literacy in core competencies by integrated tasks or by seperated teaching and assessment activities requires further investigation.