大学新生适应性问题的调查和可持续发展对策

A survey on college freshmen′s adaptability and strategies of sustainable development

目的了解大学新生的适应状况及存在的适应性问题,探讨提高大学新生持续发展能力的方式和途径。方法采用网络问卷调查和现场问卷调查对1 146名大学新生进行自制问卷调查。结果大学期间迟到/早退/逃课次数在3次以内的女性比例为72.7%,高于男性的59.9%(P<0.05),而迟到/早退/逃课次数在10次以上的女性比例为7.3%,少于男性的15.6%(P<0.05)。在影响调查对象学习动力或状态因素的调查中,选择专业不适的女性比例为42.8%,高于男性的35.0%(P<0.05),选择情感问题及沉迷娱乐的男性比例分别为22.8%和39.9%,高于女性的15.9%及20.2%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。有明确生涯规划(简称"有规划")调查对象在大学期间迟到/早退/逃课的次数在3次以内的比例为70.8%,高于无明确生涯规划(简称"无规划")调查对象的64.9%(P<0.05),而有规划调查对象在大学期间迟到/早退/逃课在10次以上的比例为8.2%,低于无规划调查对象的12.3%(P<0.05)。58.9%的重点中学毕业生对大学生活无规划,该比例低于普通中学毕业生的64.9%(P<0.05)。此外,63.4%的调查对象认为需要在中学时期接受"大学生活介绍"教育,58.6%的调查对象认为需要在中学时期接受"信念、自制力培养"教育,60.6%的调查对象认为需要在中学时期接受"自立教育和独立意识培养"教育,62.2%的调查对象认为需要在中学时期接受"人生规划指导"教育,61.3%的调查对象认为需要在中学时期接受"人际交往技能"教育。结论应有针对性地对不同性别大学新生施行适应性教育,且生涯规划指导应及时及早进行。此外,基础教育应多渠道多角度地加强与高等教育的衔接,以缓解学生进入大学后因适应性问题造成的困境。

Objective To investigate the college freshmen′s adaptability status and identify relevant problems,and also to discuss the approaches and strategies of improving the ability of sustainable development among college freshmen.Methods A self-designed questionnaire survey was conducted both online and offline in 1146 college freshmen.Results The proportion of students who arrived late,left early or even absent from class no more than 3 times was significantly higher in females than that in males(72.7% vs.59.9%,P<0.05);whereas the proportion of students who arrived late,left early or even absent from class more than10times was significantly lower in females than that in males(7.3% vs.15.6%,P<0.05).As for the factors influencing learning motivation or status,more females chose"unsuitable major"than males(42.8%vs.35.0%,P<0.05),while more males chose"emotional factors"and"recreational addiction"than females(22.8% vs.15.9% and 39.9% vs.20.2%,respectively;both P<0.05).The proportion of students who arrived late,left early or even absent from class no more than3times was significantly higher in those who had a clear career planning than those without such a plan(70.8% vs.64.9%,P<0.05),but the proportion of students who arrived late,left early or even absent from class more than10times was significantly lower in those who had a clear career planning than those without such a plan(8.2% vs.12.3%,P<0.05).Fewer key middle school graduates had no planning for their college life than those graduated from ordinary schools(58.9% vs.64.9%,P<0.05).In addition,63.4%,58.6%,60.6%,62.2%,and 61.3%of students believed that education about"college life introduction""cultivation of belief and self-control ability""cultivation of self-reliance and sense of independency""life planning guidance""interpersonal communication skills"is necessary during their middle school years,respectively.Conclusion It is important to provide targeted education on adaptability for college freshmen,which may vary between females and males.And guidance on career planning should be offered in a timely manner.Besides,multi-dimensional and multi-channel strategies should be implemented to strengthen the link between elementary education and higher education,which may relieve the dilemma resulted from adaptability among college freshmen.