宅基地“三权分置”中资格权、使用权定性辨析——兼与席志国副教授商榷

Qualitative Analysis of the Qualification Right and Right of Use in "the Separation of Three Rights" of Homestead——Also Discussing with Professor Xi zhiguo

准确把握宅基地资格权、使用权在法律上的性质,是宅基地"三权分置"制度构建的核心与关键。对于宅基地资格权和使用权法律性质的判断,离不开具体法律关系性质的判断。集体与成员基于宅基地所有与利用之间的关系,形成了事实上的特殊总有关系。没有这种总有关系,没有成员的资格权,就无法理解原有的宅基地使用权。资格权是集体成员宅基地分配中的一种资格,其应该具有相对独立的权利内涵,并具有人身权和财产权双重属性。宅基地资格权应进行确权登记,为使用权进一步分离提供制度基础。宅基地使用权看似是一种相对独立并具有他物权特质的用益物权,其实不然,其不只是物权法意义上的地上权,还可以是土地租赁权或法定租赁权。应取消原有的宅基地使用权,重新设计两项全新的权利——资格权与使用权。这种判断较为契合我国宅基地"三权分置"具体的事实关系和实践特点,也较容易为我国农村集体成员所接受和认可。

The legal nature of the qualification right and right of use shall be accurately understood because it is "the core and key point of the whole system construction of 'the separation of three rights' of homestead ". The judgment of the legal nature of the qualification right and right of use of homestead cannot be separated from that of the nature of specific legal relationship. The relationship between the collective and the members based on the homestead ownership and utilization forms a de facto special collective-ownership relationship. It can be said that if there is no such collective-ownership relationship or no qualification right of members, there is no way to understand the original right of use of homestead. The qualification right is a kind of the collective member's qualification to homestead allocation, which should have relatively independent connotation of right, and has the dual natures of personal right and property right. The qualification right of homestead should be registered for conformation so as to provide the system foundation for further separation of the right of use. The right of use seems to be a kind of relatively independent usufruct with the characteristics of right over the property of another. In fact, this is not true. The right of use is not completely a surface right in the sense of real property law, it may be a land lease or legal lease. The original right of use of homestead shall be abolished and two brand-new rights:the qualification right of homestead and right of use of homestead shall be designed. This kind of judgment is more in line with the specific factual relations and practical characteristics of the separation of three rights of homestead in China, and is also more easily accepted and recognized by the rural collective members in China.