“法国威胁论”与约翰.亚当斯政府外交政策的演变

The Phantom of the Atlantic: The France Threat Theory and Transformation of the U.S. Foreign Policy of John Adams' Administration

法国大革命开启了大西洋世界对"自由"等启蒙思想的系统实践,引发了世界主义思潮的再度兴起,从而对革命时代美国的国家认同产生了巨大的影响。"法国威胁论"正是这一影响之下的产物。其核心内容认为,法国革命中出现的雅各宾主义与无神论思想会在美国人民当中制造分裂,并对美国社会造成颠覆性的破坏。奇泽姆事件与XYZ事件使得这一论调在联邦派政府中愈演愈烈,最终导致了法美关系的破裂。此后,约翰·亚当斯政府在加拿大问题与海地问题上与英国政府合作,共同对抗法国在北美洲的势力扩张。作为一种官方意识形态,"法国威胁论"反映了联邦派在革命时代对"国家"这一概念的理解,美国外交政策在这一时期的演变则体现了约翰·亚当斯政府巩固美利坚国家、构建美利坚认同的政治需求。

The French Revolution initiated the systematic practices of the Enlightenment ideas,such as liberty!in the Atlantic world,triggering the revival of cosmopolitanism.Accordingly,this revival exerted a geat impact on the American national identity during the revolutionary period,which gave rise to the appearance of the France threat theory.This theory claimed that the Jacobinism and Atheism deriving from the Revolution would split the American people and destroy the American society.It became more popular in the Federalists government after the Chisholm affair and XYZ affair,eventually resulting in the breaking of the relationship between the United States and France.In order to counteract the French invasion to North America,John A d a m’s administration finally decided to cooperate with the Britishi government concerning the isues of Canada and Haiti.As an official ideology,the France threat theory reflects the Federalists,understanding regarding the Nation in the age of revolution.On the other hand,the transformation of the American foreign policy under John Adam’administration indicates the political needs of consolidating the American nation and constructing the American identity.