刑事诉讼中搜查手机的法律规制——以美国赖利案为例的研究

The Legal Regulation of Searching Mobile Phones in Criminal Procedure:Taking the Case of Riley in the United States as an Example

随着手机的普及,刑侦领域对手机的应用越来越普遍。由于手机,尤其是智能手机包含的信息极为丰富,如果对侦查人员搜查手机数据信息缺乏合理的法律规制,极易导致侵犯公民隐私权。为实现控制犯罪与保障人权的合理平衡,美国联邦最高法院经过长期探索,最终在2014年的赖利案中确立了搜查手机数据信息的司法审查原则:警方在搜查、扣押手机机体后,如果需要搜查手机中的数据信息,必须再次申请法官许可。在我国,侦查人员在获取电子存储介质,包括手机以后,即可对其中的电子数据进行搜索、检查,无须申请有关部门许可。相关司法解释重视对收集、提取电子数据载体(存储介质)的法律规制,忽视对搜查电子数据本身的法律规制;重视对电子数据真实性的审查,忽视对电子数据收集程序正当性的审查。为强化对公民隐私权的保护,我国有必要借鉴美国的经验,建立搜查手机数据信息的审查机制,并设置严格的适用条件,设立完善的监督机制。

With the popularity of mobile phones,the investigation of mobile phones in criminal investigation is becoming more and more popular.Because the information contained in the mobile phone,especially in the smart phone,is extremely abundant,the privacy of the citizen is easily infringed if there is no reasonable legal regulation for the investigators to search the data contained in mobile phones.In order to achieve a reasonable balance between the goal of crime control and human rights protection,the Supreme Court of the United States,through its long-term efforts,finally established the judicial review principle of searching mobile phone data in the 2014 Riley decision,which demands that after the police detain the cell phone,if they want to further search the data information in the mobile phone,they must apply to the judge for a warrant.In our country,the investigators can search the data contained immediately after the electronic storage media,including the mobile phone seized,without applying for permission from the relevant departments.The relevant judicial interpretations only attach importance to the legal regulation of collecting and detaining electronic data carriers,which are electronic storage media,and ignore the legal regulation of searching electronic data itself.Besides,the relevant judicial interpretations only pay attention to the examination of the authenticity of electronic data,and neglect the examination of the justification of electronic data collection procedures.It is necessary for us to draw lessons from the experience of the United States,set up a review mechanism for searching cell phone data information,set up strict application conditions,and set up a perfect supervision mechanism.