农业服务户分化与小农户衔接现代农业的路径设计

Differentiation of Service Farmers and New Ways to Transform Small Farmers in China

当前,服务化正成为与兼业化、专业化并行的中国农户新的分化方向,据此可把中国农户划分为兼业农户、农场类户、服务类户3类。服务类户的分化是在改革前期的制度遗产、改革以后土地经营权流转不畅、农业劳动特点三重作用因素下,农户以市场为导向参与社会分工自发形成,目前在数量上远多于土地规模经营农户。服务类户分化对其他两类农户的行为逻辑产生重要影响,表现在农户对农态度、经营目标的分化以及不同农户对市场信号、技术冲击、政策调控的响应差异。对兼业农户和农场类户来说,服务类户的分化提高了响应市场信号的敏感度,形塑了服务外包的行为路径依赖,缩小了技术效率在规模上的差异。在3类农户构成的农业经济系统中,服务类户发挥了现代生产要素进入农业的"中转站"和"催化剂"作用。从农户分化结果来看,这是其走向现代农户的自我努力。这一过程分化为生产方式现代化和经营管理现代化并行、互促的两条"迂回"路径,兼容了各种农户改造理论中的行为和政策意蕴,还解决了现代生产要素入户和农业资本积累的难题,以此可以作为一条重要的小农户衔接现代农业的路径。要顺应和诱导农户加速分化,构建激励型农业政策结构,发挥服务类户、农场类户带动兼业农户的作用。。

Currently,with servitization becoming a new direction in farmers differentiation,Chinese farmers can be divided into three categories:ordinary farmers,family farmers and service farmers.Service farmers are differentiated according to their market-oriented participation in social division of labor under the triple factors of institutional heritage,poor circulation of land management rights,and agricultural labor characteristics.At present,the number of service farmers is bigger than that of land-scale management farmers.Farmer differentiation plays an important role in their behavioral logic such as attitude to agriculture,business objectives and different responses to market signals,technical shocks and policy change.For ordinary farmers and family farmers,the differentiation of service farmers has improved their sensitivity to market signals and shaped the behavior path dependence of service outsourcing,thus reducing the technical efficiency differences in the scale.In the agricultural economic system composed of three kinds of farmers,service farmers have played the role of“transition station”and“catalyst”,and accelerated the entry of modern productive factors into agriculture.Farmers differentiation can be regarded as their self-adjustment and self-effort towards modern farmers.It has been divided into two roundabout ways,which is modernization of production mode and management in simultaneous and mutually parallel ways.Such differentiation would be taken as the road of Chinese farmers transforming into modernization.As it is compatible with the behavior and policy implications of various farmer theories,and solves the difficult problems of agricultural capital accumulation and modern production factors'smooth entry into the households,it is necessary to induce farmers differentiation,construct the incentive agricultural policy structure,and give full play the role of family farmers and service farmers in motivating ordinary farmers.