政府帮扶式理性保护的困境与省思——来自黔东南榕江县S村侗歌文化的田野考察

The Paradox and Introspection on Rational Cultural Preservation of “Government-support”——A Survey on Dongge Cultural Preservation in S Village Rongjiang County Guizhou Province

文章以榕江县S村为研究个案,就政府在帮扶侗寨进行民族文化保护的过程中,面临的困境和产生的悖论进行了探讨和省思。将"文化传承人"纳入国家财政支持体系进行保护的方式,虽然在表面上使民族文化得以传袭,同时也助推了歌师的卡里斯玛型权威不断消解的隐忧;歌师在传统与现代交织的文化二重性困境中,艺术化生活方式逐渐淡化;在民族节庆活动中,召集的主体由"寨老"转换为村两委,歌者们仅作为"表演者"而存在,集体展演的内容在很大程度上表现为"去民俗化"的特点;政府期望通过制度化的帮扶,建构起民族文化的保护机制,反而却在某种程度上解构了民族文化的自洽机制。唯有创设点燃传统村寨内在文化自信的文化生境,激发地方性自我保护的文化自觉和文化认同,由"圈养式、帮扶式保护"向"自发式、自助式保护"转型,才是民族文化免于外源的制度性破坏并得以焕发生机的有效途径。

A survey of S village Rongjiang County had been discussed in this paper,which was about the paradoxand introspection of government-support protectionduring the project of minority cultural preservation.The cultural preservation mode of putting“cultural inheritors”into the national supportive system maypropel the eliminating of Dongge inheritors'Charisma authority,while minority culture had been spread on the surface.In the traditional and modern interwoven culture duality dilemma,the artistic lifestyle of cultural inheritors gradually faded.The Dongge singers were existing only as“performers”in ethnic festivals,and the collective subjects changed from“Zhai-lao to the village committee.The content of the Dongge exhibition was largely manifested as the characteristics of“de-folklorisation”.The government expected to construct the protection mechanism of minority culture through institutionalized support typepreservation,nevertheless,it deconstructed the self-consistent mechanism of minority cultural preservation to some extent.The suggestion is as following:surmoun-ting the nationalitypreservation,creating minority inner advantageous cultural circumstance,motivating minority cultural consciousness and cultural identity,converting“supportive preservation”to“spontaneous preservation”.These are the key points of avoiding external institutional damage and irradiating minority cultural vitality.