在“意识形态”与“公正话语”之间:论美国主流媒体对巴基斯坦的报道

Between Ideological Bias and Fair Discourse: The Narrative Mode of American Mainstream Media on Pakistan

本文通过批判话语分析法对《华盛顿邮报》等分析后发现,美国主流媒体对伊斯兰世界的报道呈现出"意识形态"与"公正话语"对峙的态势,而对巴基斯坦的报道则因其兼具普通伊斯兰国家和核心反恐盟友的双重角色,演变为"分化式描述"(divergent portrayal):美国媒体将其视为普通伊斯兰国家时,其叙事服从于对伊斯兰世界报道的总框架,但在将其视为反恐盟友时则与之产生了严重背离,即带有"意识形态"烙印的议题处于绝对主导地位,"公正话语"的空间被大幅压缩。美国媒体的运作效应与其强大传播能力所产生的巨大反差表明,在思考让媒体摆脱权力关系束缚以维护"公正话语"的同时,也需进一步审视西方媒体在文明对话中的真实角色。

This article employs critical discourse analysis to study the narrative mode of the Washington Post and other newspapers and finds that, mainstream narration in the United States on the Islamic World pivots between ideologically biased frames and fair discourse principles. Meanwhile, the narrative mode on Pakistan displays a divergent portrayal according to Pakistan's dual roles, namely being a common Islamic state as well as a core ally of the United States in the battle against terrorism. When it views Pakistan as a common Islamic nation, the U.S. media's narrative frame conforms to that presented in the portrayal about the Islamic world. When Pakistan is viewed by these media as an ally of the United States in struggles against terrorism on the other hand, their narration diverges from the frame about the Islamic world. Those themes characterized by ideological bias begin to guide most of their narration, while the space for"fair discourse"shrinks greatly. The tremendous contrast between the great propaganda capacity of the U.S. media and their unsatisfactory final effects not only push us to figure out ways to safeguard fair discourse by getting rid of unbalanced power relationship, but also reminds us of a fact that, we need to further question the real role played by the Western media in dialogue between civilizations.