中国民族地区土地买卖与地权分配的清水江模式——清至民国西南内地边疆侗苗地区土地关系研究之三

Qingshuijiang Model of Land Sale and Land Rights Distribution in Chinese Ethnic Areas: Study on the Land Relationship in the Border Areas of the Southwestern Inland of Dong and Miao Ethnic Group from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China: Part Ⅲ

通过对清至民国时期3千余件土地买卖契约计量统计,分析土地买卖促成的土地流失方向,比较失地农户与买进田地农户户数,尤其是他们在整个土地市场上占有田地量的户比分析,对上述各环节特征的分析概括,形成了土地分配制度上的"清水江模式"。清水江模式的基本特征在于:土地买卖活跃;土地有向少数人集中;土地买卖市场能培育出一个中农与富农间的阶层,却很难产生占有较多土地的地主阶层。进一步探索还发现,土地转移并不遵守"先亲近"的原则,极少出现一田二次或多次出售的现象,因土地收益不高及相对富裕的土地资源形成的田价低廉,都是清水江模式的深层内涵,也是生成清水江模式的因素。

Through the measurement and statistics of more than 3,000 land sales contracts from Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China,the paper analyzes the direction of land loss caused by land sales,compares the number of farmers who have lost land with those who bought farmlands,and especially studies on occupation portion the field in the entire land market.The analysis summarizes the characteristics of the parts mentioned above and forms the “Qingshuijiang model” on the land allocation system.The basic characteristics of the Qingshuijiang model are: active land sales; land loss leads to the land possession by minority; the land market can foster a class between middle peasants and rich peasants,but it is difficult to produce a landlord class that occupies more land.Further exploration also found that land transfer does not abide by the principle of “closeness first”,the phenomenon of second or multiple sales of a field is rare,and low land yield together with rather plentiful land resources result in low land price,are the profound connotation of the Qingshuijiang model,as well as the factors in the formation of the Qingshuijiang model.