马克思“共在论”幸福观探赜

On Marx's view of happiness from a perspective of co-existence

幸福问题一直都是哲学史中倍受关注而又充满争议的一个话题。哲学史上的众多幸福论之所以没有真正地使人类走向幸福,是因为它们在理论的发端处就为人类埋下不幸的"隐患"。这种隐患总体上可以概括为"非共在"性的思维,具体表现在方法论上的"个人主义"与"整体主义"。人是一种社会性的、关系性的存在,但是,"共在"先于"存在",这就意味着只有通过构建合理的社会关系,人们才能共同走向真正的幸福。事实证明,马克思是以一种"共在论"的视角,构建自己的幸福观,从而实现对传统"非共在"性思维的超越,最终使人类的真正幸福得以可能。

Happiness is a hot but controversial topic in the history of philosophy. The reason that these theories of happiness did not lead humans to achieve happiness is the unhappiness hazard in the foundation of their theories. This hazard can be generalized as the thought of “non-coexistence”, or more specifically the individualism and holism in methodology. Human is taken as a kind of social and relational existence, but co-existence precedes existence, which means only by building rational social relations can humans achieve true happiness. In fact, Marx constructed his view of happiness from a perspective of coexistence and surpassed the traditional thought of “non-coexistence”, making true happiness for all humans possible.