山东长清灵岩寺宋代罗汉像彩绘分析研究

Scientific study of the Song Dynasty polychrome Arhat statues from the Magic Cliff Monastery in Jinan

山东省济南市长清区灵岩寺彩绘罗汉像是我国宋代泥塑罗汉的代表作,具有极高的历史、艺术和科学价值。但罗汉像保存现状较差,彩塑存在颜料脱落、残损、酥碱等病害,亟待保护修复。为此,本工作选取彩绘脱落严重的两尊宋代彩塑罗汉像,利用光学显微镜(OM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、扫描电子显微镜与能谱仪(SEM-EDS)等分析其彩绘颜料样品。结果表明,彩绘罗汉像从塑制之初至今,经过数次彩绘,可确定的多达六次。黑色颜料为炭黑(C);红色颜料为朱砂(HgS),铅丹(Pb_3O_4),以及朱砂、铁红(Fe_2O_3)和方解石(CaCO_3)混合物;绿色颜料为巴黎绿(Cu(C_2H_3O_2)·3Cu(AsO_2)_2)和舍勒绿(Cu(AsO_2)_2),还发现有斜氯铜矿(CuCl(OH)_3)及其与铅白(2PbCO_3·Pb(OH)_2)的混合物;橙色颜料为铅铬黄(PbCrO_4)和铅丹混合物;蓝色颜料为蓝铜矿(2CuCO_3·Cu(OH)_2),人工合成群青(Na_3CaAl_3Si_3O_(12)S);白色颜料为铅白和方解石;黄色颜料为铁黄(FeO(OH));金色为金箔(Au);沥粉的主要成分是方解石。白色底层为铅白和以硅、铝、钙为主的细白土。彩塑罗汉像重绘过程中,保持了将细白土作为底层和衣领镶边沥粉贴金的传统。彩绘颜料所用铅铬黄、巴黎绿、舍勒绿表明,彩塑罗汉像最近一次彩绘在清末之际,与文献记载相符,且这些人工颜料应是西方舶来之物。本分析研究结果为灵岩寺罗汉像艺术史研究提供了丰富信息,同时为保护修复工作开展提供了可靠依据。

The Song Dynasty polychrome Arhat statues from the Magic Cliff Monastery,praised as No.1 statues throughout China,are highly valuable in terms of archaeology,art and technology.In this work,we analyzed the pigments of two selected statues using optical microscopy (OM),Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS).It was found that the statues had been repainted several times,at least six.The pigments used are: carbon black for the black pigment;cinnabar,lead red and a mixture of cinnabar,mars red and calcite for red pigments;emerald green,Scheele’s green,clinoatacamite and a mixture of clinoatacamite and lead white for green pigments;a mixture of lead chrome yellow and lead red for orange pigment;azurite and ultramarine for blue pigments;lead white and calcite for white pigment;mars yellow for yellow pigment.The gelled patterning was made of lime.The components of the white layer are lead white and white soil with the elements of silicon (Si),aluminum (Al) and calcium (Ca).It can be concluded that using white soil for white layers and repainting collar edges by gelled patterning and gilding are traditions of the monastery.Judging from the presence of modern colorants,synthetic emerald green,chrome yellow and Scheele’s green,it is also suggested that the last repainting may have been executed at the end of the Qing Dynasty.