破解中国自贸试验区国际贸易“单一窗口”制度难题研究

Research on Solving the Institutional Problems Concerning International Trade Single Window in China FTZ

破解制度难题是中国自贸试验区国际贸易"单一窗口"建设的关键因素。当下"单一窗口"标准版覆盖全国的战略布局业已形成,但"单一窗口"地方版在推进过程中遭遇了依法行政与法治保障难协同的制度问题。自贸试验区作为探索法治化、国际化、便利化营商环境建设的"试验田",与"单一窗口"制度旨在促进贸易便利的价值追求高度吻合,成为"单一窗口"地方版改革的"排头兵"。目前上海自贸试验区国际贸易"单一窗口"已经步入3. 0版本,福建等第二批自贸试验区"单一窗口"为2. 0版本,以浙江等为代表的第三批自贸试验区"单一窗口"则处于1. 0版本阶段,各个自贸试验区"单一窗口"制度建设皆取得一定成效。但是,作者运用实地调查法考察发现国际贸易"单一窗口"制度建设在实践中仍存在三方面的缺陷(体制无法适应深层次改革要求、法无明文授权、技术层面与"单一窗口"制度要求不符),遭遇各部门事权难以整合的主要难题,促进贸易便利化的目标难以实现。同时,作者运用对比分析法批判借鉴国际贸易"单一窗口"三种运行模式(单一机构模式、单一系统模式、公共平台模式)的国别经验,建议我国采用最有利于"单一窗口"的制度功能,实现原则厘清权能与权限、联动立法以完善法治保障、完善数据共享机制以规范数据间共享的效果,对"单一窗口"制度进行深层次改革,以期为我国贸易便利化进程清除制度障碍。

Tackling the institutional problems is a decisive factor in the development of the International Trade Single Window for China’s FTZ.Currently,the Single Window standard version has already formed a national strategic layout covering the whole country,but the “Single Window” local version has encountered the institutional problems of the cooperation between law-based administration and legal protection in the process of advancement.As a testing field to explore the development of the business environment featuring rule of law,internationalization,and facilitation,the FTZ has spearheaded the development of the “Single Window” local version,with a high degree of consistency with the goal of the “Single Window” system in promoting trade facilitation.At present,Shanghai’s Single Window has been updated to version 3.0,while the second batch of FTZs such as Fujian has a “Single Window” of version 2.0,and the “Single Window” of the third batch of FTZ represented by Zhejiang is of version 1.0.At this stage,the construction of the “Single Window” system in all FTZs has made some achievements already.However,there are still three defects in the institutional construction of the single windows including system failure to meet the requirements of deep-level reforms,legal non-exclusive authorization and the inconsistency with the requirements of the “Single Window” system at the technical level,and it is difficult to integrate the authority of various departments,which greatly restricts the progress of China's trade facilitation.Examining the international experience of the three operating modes of single windows (single-organization mode,single-system mode,and public platform mode),there are three aspects of improvement including the protection of the rule of law,clarification of the power and authority,and regulation of data sharing.The system will undergo deep-level reforms to eliminate institutional obstacles to China’s trade facilitation.