论司马迁的秦史建构与“借秦讽汉”

On Sima Qian's Historical Construction of Qin Dynasty and Its Criticism on Policies of Han Dynasty

从《史记·秦本纪》之秦何以立,到《史记·秦始皇本纪》等关联叙事,可以察见司马迁以秦孝公"商鞅变法"为秦从僻处戎狄到居中原雄主的转折,也是秦始皇能因六世庇荫、一统天下的关键。秦的致霸,赖之法;秦的崩解,亦缘于法。亦即肯定法的治效,反对法的苛察,大抵为"法"的双面刃特质。借由对秦缪公事迹的详述、与由余论治的对话,反讽徒赖法家治国的秦、与承接秦制的汉。由此考察出司马迁建构秦史的意图及寓托。

This article, taking the "Six-countries chronology" as a start, discusses the viewpoints and ideological criticism of Sima Qian's Historical Construction of the Qin Dynasty. Through the investigation of Qinbenji (Biographic Sketches of Emperors in Qin Dynasty), to the related narratives such as Qin Shihuang's Chronology, we can see how Sima Qian took Qin Xiaogong's commercial reform as a key element in establishing the empire, and also revealed that law is like a double-edged blade. Through detailed narration of the Qin dynasty's official deeds and the dialogue between Qin Mugong and Yuyu, Sima Qian made his criticism of the politics of the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty which inherited the same policy.